Development of a technology-integrated ethnomathematics digital comic using hadroh music context: effects on students’ numeracy and self-regulated learning

Authors

  • Kartika Rusiyaningsih Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwekerto, Indonesia
  • Gunawan Gunawan Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.58524/jasme.v6i2.1166

Keywords:

Ethnomathematics, Digitas Comic, Numeracy Skills, Self Regulated Learning, Mathematics Education Technology

Abstract

Background: Mathematics plays a vital role in fostering logical, analytical, and systematic thinking in the 21st century, with numeracy and self-regulated learning recognized as essential competencies in the Merdeka Curriculum. However, students’ numeracy skills and learning independence remain relatively low, particularly among Grade VIII students at SMP Negeri 1 Pekuncen.

Aims: This study aims to develop a technology-integrated ethnomathematics digital comic using a hadroh music context and to evaluate its validity, practicality, and effectiveness in improving students’ numeracy skills and self-regulated learning.

Method: This research employed a Research and Development (R&D) approach based on the 4D model (Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate). The study involved Grade VIII students in the 2025/2026 academic year. Data were collected through expert validation sheets, questionnaires, and numeracy tests, and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques.

Results: The developed digital comic was categorized as valid, with material expert validation of 77.7% and media expert validation of 84%. It was also considered practical based on positive responses from teachers and students. Descriptive findings indicate improved numeracy scores and self-regulated learning in the experimental group. Inferential analysis shows that self-regulated learning improved significantly, while numeracy improvement demonstrated a positive but not statistically significant trend.

Conclusion: The ethnomathematics-based digital comic integrating hadroh music is valid, practical, and has strong potential to enhance students’ learning autonomy and contextual mathematical understanding.

References

Alrajeh, T. S., & Shindel, B. W. (2020). Student engagement and math teachers support. Journal on Mathematics Education, 11(2), 167–180. https://doi.org/10.22342/jme.11.2.10282.167-180

Anyichie, A. C., Butler, D. L., & Nashon, S. M. (2023). Exploring teacher practices for enhancing student engagement in culturally diverse classrooms. Journal of Pedagogical Research, 7(5), 183–207. https://doi.org/10.33902/JPR.202322739

Apostolou, D., & Linardatos, G. (2023). Cognitive load approach to digital comics creation: A student-centered learning case. Applied Sciences, 13(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/app13137896

Azaryahu, L., Broza, O., Cohen, S., Hershkovitz, S., & Adi-Japha, E. (2023). Development of creative thinking patterns via math and music. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 47, 101196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2022.101196

Bachri, B. S., Tegeh, M., & Jayanta, I. N. L. (2023). Impact of phenomenon-based learning model assisted by virtual book-based digital comics on elementary-school students’ agile innovation and independence in science learning. Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 12(3), 493–503. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v12i3.46881

Batiibwe, M. S. K. (2025). Ethnomathematics as a pedagogical tool for mathematics education: Opportunities and challenges. SN Social Sciences, 5(12), 221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-025-01260-0

Boucher, M., AlKadi, M., Bach, B., & Aigner, W. (2025). Instructional comics for self-paced learning of data visualization tools and concepts. Computer Graphics Forum, 44(3), e70130. https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.70130

Budiawan, H., & Ananda, R. F. (2023). Music and mathematics: Processing repetition techniques with the least common multiple (LCM) in Rajékan music composition. Harmonia: Journal of Arts Research and Education, 23(1), 208–222. https://doi.org/10.15294/harmonia.v23i1.41034

Çeken, K. Ş. (2025). Visual storytelling in the digital age: Integrating illustration and graphic design in narrative experiences. International Journal of Applied Mathematics, 38(7s), 64–79. https://doi.org/10.12732/ijam.v38i7s.465

Chen, C.-I., Chen, S.-C., & Zheng, M.-C. (2026). Effects of comic application interfaces on reader comprehension, cognitive processing, and narrative engagement. SAGE Open, 16(1), 21582440261416099. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440261416099

Cheng, M.-M., Chuang, H.-H., & Smith, T. J. (2022). The role of teacher technology experiences and school technology interactivity in teachers’ culturally responsive teaching. Computers in the Schools, 39(2), 163–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/07380569.2022.2071231

Cheng, M.-M., Lacaste, A. V., Saranza, C., & Chuang, H.-H. (2021). Culturally responsive teaching in technology-supported learning environments in marine education for sustainable development. Sustainability, 13(24). https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413922

Cheung, S. K. S., Kwok, L. F., Phusavat, K., & Yang, H. H. (2021). Shaping the future learning environments with smart elements: Challenges and opportunities. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 18(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-021-00254-1

Cotiangco, E. N., Huraño, N. J., Sodoso, E. R., Sumagang, M. G., Jumao-as, J. J., Canoy, J., Picardal, M., & Sanchez, J. M. (2024). Android-based audio-visual comics in enhancing conceptual understanding and motivation of chemistry concepts. Orbital: The Electronic Journal of Chemistry, 125–135. https://doi.org/10.17807/orbital.v16i2.19953

Díaz-Noguera, M. D., Hervás-Gómez, C., de la Calle-Cabrera, A. M., & López-Meneses, E. (2022). Autonomy, motivation, and digital pedagogy are key factors in the perceptions of Spanish higher-education students toward online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020654

Díez-Palomar, J., Ramis-Salas, M., Močnik, I., Simonič, M., & Hoogland, K. (2023). Challenges for numeracy awareness in the 21st century: Making visible the invisible. Frontiers in Education, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1295781

Dixit, A. C., B, H., C, A. B., A, S. M., & N, P. K. (2024). Innovative pedagogical approaches for diverse learning styles and student-centric learning. Journal of Engineering Education Transformations, 178–188. https://doi.org/10.16920/jeet/2024/v37is2/24039

Ellis, A. B., Lockwood, E., Tillema, E., & Moore, K. (2022). Generalization across multiple mathematical domains: Relating, forming, and extending. Cognition and Instruction, 40(3), 351–384. https://doi.org/10.1080/07370008.2021.2000989

El-Sabagh, H. A. (2021). Adaptive e-learning environment based on learning styles and its impact on development students’ engagement. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 18(1), 53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-021-00289-4

Engerman, J. A., & Otto, R. F. (2021). The shift to digital: Designing for learning from a culturally relevant interactive media perspective. Educational Technology Research and Development, 69(1), 301–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-020-09889-9

Fernández, M. M. (2023). Understanding digital comics for creation: From conception to reception. Studies in Comics, 14(Comics Strike Back! Digital Forms, Digital Practices, Digital Audiences), 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1386/stic_00099_1

Fitria, Y., Malik, A., Mutiaramses, Halili, S. H., & Amelia, R. (2023). Digital comic teaching materials: Its role to enhance student’s literacy on organism characteristic topic. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 19(10), em2333. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/13573

Gal, I., Grotlüschen, A., Tout, D., & Kaiser, G. (2020). Numeracy, adult education, and vulnerable adults: A critical view of a neglected field. ZDM, 52(3), 377–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-020-01155-9

Geiger, V., & Schmid, M. (2024). A critical turn in numeracy education and practice. Frontiers in Education, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1363566

Grotlüschen, A., Desjardins, R., & Liu, H. (2020). Literacy and numeracy: Global and comparative perspectives. International Review of Education, 66(2), 127–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-020-09854-x

Han, K. (2021). Fostering students’ autonomy and engagement in EFL classroom through proximal classroom factors: Autonomy-supportive behaviors and student-teacher relationships. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.767079

Hibi, W. (2025). From notes to numbers: The impact of music education on mathematical skills and cognitive development.

Hoogland, K. (2023). The changing nature of basic skills in numeracy. Frontiers in Education, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1293754

Huang, L., & Lajoie, S. P. (2021). Process analysis of teachers’ self-regulated learning patterns in technological pedagogical content knowledge development. Computers & Education, 166, 104169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104169

Hunter, J., & Miller, J. (2022). The use of cultural contexts for patterning tasks: Supporting young diverse students to identify structures and generalise. ZDM – Mathematics Education, 54(6), 1349–1362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-022-01386-y

Kabuye Batiibwe, M. S. (2024). The role of ethnomathematics in mathematics education: A literature review. Asian Journal for Mathematics Education, 3(4), 383–405. https://doi.org/10.1177/27527263241300400

Kama, Z., Bostan, M. I., & Pekkan, Z. T. (2023). Sixth-grade students’ pattern generalization approaches. Journal of Pedagogical Research, 7(5), 136–155. https://doi.org/10.33902/JPR.202316928

Koskinen, R., & Pitkäniemi, H. (2022). Meaningful learning in mathematics: A research synthesis of teaching approaches. International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 17(2). https://doi.org/10.29333/iejme/11715

Kumar, R., & Dhar, D. (2024). A think-aloud study: Exploring the effects of digital vs. print comics on reading efficiency and comprehension. Education and Information Technologies, 29(10), 12143–12166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-12281-8

Kumi-Yeboah, A., Kim, Y., Sallar, A. M., & Kiramba, L. K. (2020). Exploring the use of digital technologies from the perspective of diverse learners in online learning environments. Online Learning, 24(4), 42–63. https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v24i4.2323

Lidinillah, D. A. M., Rahman, R., Wahyudin, W., & Aryanto, S. (2022). Integrating Sundanese ethnomathematics into mathematics curriculum and teaching: A systematic review from 2013 to 2020. Infinity Journal, 11(1), 33–54. https://doi.org/10.22460/infinity.v11i1.p33-54

Linardatos, G., & Apostolou, D. (2023). Investigating high school students’ perception about digital comics creation in the classroom. Education and Information Technologies, 28(8), 10079–10101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11581-3

Litkowski, E. C., Duncan, R. J., Logan, J. A. R., & Purpura, D. J. (2020). When do preschoolers learn specific mathematics skills? Mapping the development of early numeracy knowledge. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 195, 104846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104846

Lo, C. K., & Hew, K. F. (2021). Student engagement in mathematics flipped classrooms: Implications of journal publications from 2011 to 2020. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.672610

Lopez-Pedersen, A., Mononen, R., Aunio, P., Scherer, R., & Melby-Lervåg, M. (2023). Improving numeracy skills in first graders with low performance in early numeracy: A randomized controlled trial. Remedial and Special Education, 44(2), 126–136. https://doi.org/10.1177/07419325221102537

Lugosi, E., & Uribe, G. (2022). Active learning strategies with positive effects on students’ achievements in undergraduate mathematics education. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 53(2), 403–424. https://doi.org/10.1080/0020739X.2020.1773555

Manfreda Kolar, V., & Hodnik, T. (2021). Mathematical literacy from the perspective of solving contextual problems. European Journal of Educational Research, 10(1), 467–483. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.10.1.467

Montesdeoca, K. K. (2023). Middle grades math with ice cream sundaes: Connecting math to the real world. Education Sciences, 13(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13060615

Mulligan, J., Oslington, G., & English, L. (2020). Supporting early mathematical development through a ‘pattern and structure’ intervention program. ZDM, 52(4), 663–676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-020-01147-9

Ntumi, S., Adzifome, S. N., Nyamekye, T., & Vedor, F. K. (2026). Culturally responsive assessment in mathematical word problems and numerical cognition in multilingual education. Scientific Reports, 16(1), 5133. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-35864-0

Ogunsola, J. A., & Adigun, O. T. (2025). Effect of critical thinking skills on numerate behaviours among management and business-related higher education students: A Nigerian case. Cogent Education, 12(1), 2492713. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2025.2492713

Payadnya, I. P. A. A., Prahmana, R. C. I., Noviantari, P. S., Wedasuwari, I. A. M., & Susrawan, I. N. A. (2025). Mathematics, local language, and cultural education: An exploration of Indonesian educators’ perspectives. Journal for Multicultural Education, 20(1), 91–103. https://doi.org/10.1108/JME-07-2025-0146

Payadnya, I. P. A. A., Wulandari, I. G. A. P. A., Puspadewi, K. R., & Saelee, S. (2024). The significance of ethnomathematics learning: A cross-cultural perspectives between Indonesian and Thailand educators. Journal for Multicultural Education, 18(4), 508–522. https://doi.org/10.1108/JME-05-2024-0049

Polman, J., Hornstra, L., & Volman, M. (2021). The meaning of meaningful learning in mathematics in upper-primary education. Learning Environments Research, 24(3), 469–486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10984-020-09337-8

Prahmana, R. C. I., & D’Ambrosio, U. (2020). Learning geometry and values from patterns: Ethnomathematics on the batik patterns of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Journal on Mathematics Education, 11(3), 439–456. https://doi.org/10.22342/jme.11.3.12949.439-456

Reyna, V. F., & Brainerd, C. J. (2023). Numeracy, gist, literal thinking and the value of nothing in decision making. Nature Reviews Psychology, 2(7), 421–439. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-023-00188-7

Rutta, C. B., Schiavo, G., Zancanaro, M., & Rubegni, E. (2021). Comic-based digital storytelling for content and language integrated learning. Educational Media International, 58(1), 21–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523987.2021.1908499

Sari, N., Saragih, S., Napitupulu, E. E., Rakiyah, S., Sari, D. N., Sirait, S., & Anim, A. (2023). Applying ethnomathematics in learning mathematics for middle school students. Acta Scientiae, 25(5), 250–274. https://doi.org/10.17648/acta.scientiae.7690

Schifter, D., & Russell, S. J. (2022). The centrality of student-generated representation in investigating generalizations about the operations. ZDM – Mathematics Education, 54(6), 1289–1302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-022-01379-x

Seitz, M., & Weinert, S. (2022). Numeracy skills in young children as predictors of mathematical competence. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 40(2), 224–241. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12408

Sevinc, S. (2023). Knowledge-in-action for crafting mathematics problems in realistic contexts. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 26(4), 533–565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10857-022-09541-8

Sevinc, S., & Lesh, R. (2022). Preservice mathematics teachers’ conceptions of mathematically rich and contextually realistic problems. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 25(6), 667–695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10857-021-09512-5

Shé, C. N., Ní Fhloinn, E., & Mac an Bhaird, C. (2023). Student engagement with technology-enhanced resources in mathematics in higher education: A review. Mathematics, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/math11030787

Singh, R. K., Sood, P., Prasad, A., & Prasad, M. (2021). Advances in omics technology for improving crop yield and stress resilience. Plant Breeding, 140(5), 719–731. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbr.12963

Sterner, H. (2025). Using graphical representations to develop students’ correspondence relationships and covariational thinking in pattern generalizations in primary school. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 23(6), 1573–1597. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-024-10520-z

Susanti, A., Rachmajanti, S., & Mustofa, A. (2023). Between teacher’ roles and students’ social: Learner autonomy in online learning for EFL students during the pandemic. Cogent Education, 10(1), 2204698. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2023.2204698

Sutarto, Dwi Hastuti, I., Fuster-Guillén, D., Palacios Garay, J. P., Hernández, R. M., & Namaziandost, E. (2022). The effect of problem-based learning on metacognitive ability in the conjecturing process of junior high school students. Education Research International, 2022(1), 2313448. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2313448

Tong, D. H., Uyen, B. P., & Ngan, L. K. (2022). The effectiveness of blended learning on students’ academic achievement, self-study skills and learning attitudes: A quasi-experiment study in teaching the conventions for coordinates in the plane. Heliyon, 8(12). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12657

Torres-Peña, R. C., Peña-González, D., Lara-Orozco, J. L., Ariza, E. A., & Vergara, D. (2025). Enhancing numerical thinking through problem solving: A teaching experience for third-grade mathematics. Education Sciences, 15(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15060667

Tsai, Y.-R. (2021). Promotion of learner autonomy within the framework of a flipped EFL instructional model: Perception and perspectives. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 34(7), 979–1011. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2019.1650779

Vale, I., & Barbosa, A. (2023). Active learning strategies for an effective mathematics teaching and learning. European Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 11(3), 573–588. https://doi.org/10.30935/scimath/13135

Wisenöcker, A. S., Binder, S., Holzer, M., Valentic, A., Wally, C., & Große, C. S. (2024). Mathematical problems in and out of school: The impact of considering mathematical operations and reality on real-life solutions. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 39(2), 767–783. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-023-00718-0

Yustitia, V., Murti, V. S., Kusmaharti, D., & Faridah, L. (2025). Enhancing students’ critical thinking in numeracy problem-solving through a field-independent learning style and high self efficacy. Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Terapan Universitas Jambi, 9(1), 119–129. https://doi.org/10.22437/jiituj.v9i1.36525

Zippert, E. L., Douglas, A.-A., Tian, F., & Rittle-Johnson, B. (2021). Helping preschoolers learn math: The impact of emphasizing the patterns in objects and numbers. Journal of Educational Psychology, 113(7), 1370–1386. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000656

Downloads

Published

2026-05-02