Ecological and Health Risks Assessment Due to Carbon Monoxide (CO) Exposure : Implications of Air Pollution for Parking Attendants

Tri Septian Maksum; Sarinah Basri K; Yolanda Talib; Kraichat Tantrakarnapa

doi:10.58524/ijhes.v2i1.190

Authors

Tri Septian Maksum Department of Public Health, Faculty of Sport and Health, Universitas Negeri Gorontalo
Sarinah Basri K Department of Public Health, Faculty of Sport and Health, Universitas Negeri Gorontalo
Yolanda Talib Department of Public Health, Faculty of Sport and Health, Universitas Negeri Gorontalo
Kraichat Tantrakarnapa Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Mahidol University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.58524/ijhes.v2i1.190

Keywords:

carbon monoxide, ecological risk assessment, air pollution, health risks assesment, parking attendants

Abstract

Carbon monoxide (CO) is the main pollutant from motor vehicle emissions which is dangerous if inhaled by humans. This study aims to analyze the ecological and health risks caused by carbon monoxide gas pollution to parking attendants on roads in Gorontalo City. This type of research is an observational study using the Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) and Health Risk Assessment (HRA) approaches through field studies. The number of samples was 60 respondents and air samples were taken from 12 locations and each location consisted of 2 points. Data were analyzed descriptively through studies (ERA) and (HRA). The results showed that there were 8 locations that had CO concentrations that exceeded the threshold value. Thus the level of CO on roads in Gorontalo City is included in the unsafe category. Characterization of ecological risk due to CO exposure on roads in Gorontalo City is classified as dangerous for the environment where 4 locations are in the low hazard category (HQ 0.1-1.0) and 8 locations are in the medium hazard category (HQ 1.1-10). The highest real-time exposure CO intake was at the Jamu Solo Store location, namely 1.8501799100 mg/kg/day with an RQ value of 2.2291324200 (at risk), while the lowest was at the Extra Bakery location 0.0746788000 mg/kg/day with an RQ value of 0.0899744600 (no risk). It is recommended for parking attendants to wear masks while working and reduce smoking habits.

References

Al-Zboon, K., Matalqah, W., & Ammary, B. (2021). Effect of Cement Industry on Ambient Air Quality and Potential Health Risk : A Case Study from Riyadh , Saudi Arabia Potential Health Risk : A Case Study from Riyadh , Saudi. Jordanian Jour Nal of Engineering and Chemical Industries (JJECI), 4, 20.

Andriani, R., Nurhasanah, N., & Adriat, R. (2019). Konsentrasi Karbon Monoksida (CO) di Kota Pontianak. Prisma Fisika, 7(2), 143. https://doi.org/10.26418/pf.v7i2.35830

Aryagita, P. D., . K., & Thohari, I. (2017). Analisis Risiko Pajanan Karbon Monoksida (Co) Pada Petugas Parkir Di Pasar Kapasan Surabaya Tahun 2017. Gema Lingkungan Kesehatan, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.36568/kesling.v15i2.672

Asrini Zendrato, E. (2020). Analisis Paparan Karbon Monoksida Dankeluhan Kesehatan Pada Para Pedagang Di Pajak Usu (Pajus) Kota Medan.

BPS, K. G. (2021). Kota Gorontalo Dalam Angka 2021.

Damri, D., Ilza, M., & Afandi, D. (2016). Analisis Paparan Co Dan So2 Pada Petugas Parkir di Basement Mall Ska di Kota Pekanbaru. Dinamika Lingkungan Indonesia, 3(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.31258/dli.3.1.p.47-56

Devitria, R., Sepryani, H., & Putri, E. M. D. (2018). Identifikasi Timbal Pada Urin Tukang Parkir Yang Bekerja Di Pasar Pusat Pekanbaru. Jurnal Sains Dan Teknologi Laboratorium Medik, 1(2), 24. https://doi.org/10.52071/jstlm.v1i2.11

Falahdina, A. (2017). Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan Pajanan PM 2,5 Pada Pedagang Tetap di Terminal Kampung Rambutan. In Jurnal Keperawatan. Universitas Muhammadya Malang (Vol. 4, pp. 724â€“732).

Hamzah, I. (2020). Analisis Hubungan Jumlah Kendaraan Dan Konsentrasi Karbon Monoksida (Co) Di Kota Gorontalo, Provinsi Gorontalo.

Hasairin, A., & Siregar, R. (2018). Deteksi Kandungan Gas Karbon Monoksida (CO) Hubungan Dengan Kepadatan Lalu-Lintas di Medan Sunggai, Kota Medan. Jurnal Biosains, 4(3), 113â€“119.

Ibrahim, Y. Y. (2021). Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan Pajanan Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM2.5) Pada Pedagang Kaki Lima Di Ruas Jalan KotaGorontalo.

Indriyani, D., Darundiati, Y. H., & Dewanti, N. A. Y. (2017). Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan Pajanan Debu Kayu Pada Pekerja Di Industri Mebel Cv. Citra Jepara Kabupaten Semarang. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat (e-Journal), 5(5), 572.

Kobza, J., & Geremek, M. (2017). Do the pollution related to high-traffic roads in urbanised areas pose a significant threat to the local population? Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 189(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5697-1

Lee, G. W., Bae, M. J., Yang, J. Y., Son, J. W., Cho, J. L., Lee, S. G., â€¦ Lim, Y. W. (2017). Decreased blood pressure associated with in-vehicle exposure to carbon monoxide in Korean volunteers. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 22(1), 1â€“8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-017-0622-y

Lestari, A., Subhi, M., & Yuniastuti, T. (2021). Analisis Kesehatan Lingkungan Akibat Pajanan CO Pada Pedagang Di Pasar Kota Malang. Media Husada Journal of Environmental Health, 1(1), 1â€“6.

Maksum, T. S., & Tarigan, S. F. N. (2022). Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Akibat Paparan Partikel Debu (PM 2.5) Dari Aktivitas Transportasi. Jambura Health and Sport Journal, 4(1), 19â€“28.

Mallongi, A., Parkpian, P., Pataranawat, P., & Chinwetkitvanich, S. (2015). Mercury Distribution and its Potential Environmental and Health Risks in Aquatic Habitat at Artisanal Buladu Gold Mine in Gorontalo Province , Indonesia Mercury Distribution and its Potential Environmental and Health Risks in Aquatic Habitat at Artisanal. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 14 (12): 1010-1025, 2015, (December 2015), 283â€“289. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2015.1010.1025

Mentari, S. A. F. B., Firdani, F., & Rahmah, S. P. (2021). Analisis Risiko Pajanan Gas Karbon Monoksida (C0) Pada Pedagang Di Sepanjang Jalan Depan Pasar Bandar Buat Kota Padang. 02(2).

Mitmark, B., & Jinsart, W. (2016). Using GIS Tools to Estimate Health Risk from Biomass Burning in Northern Thailand. Athens Journal of Sciences, 3(4), 285â€“296.

Purbianto, P., & Khayan, K. (2022). Impact of Exposure to Carbon Monoxide on COHb Levels and Health Problems on Swords and Parking Attendants in A Parking Area at the Bandar Lampung Market, Indonesia. Universal Journal of Public Health, 10(6), 576â€“580. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujph.2022.100604

Rifaza, A. (2018). Perbedaan Faal Paru dan Kadar karbon Monoksida(CO) Ekspirasi Pada Pekerja di Parkir Basement di Medan, Sumatera Utara, Indonesi. In Tesis.

Risa, O. (2019). Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan Pajanan Karbon Monoksida (CO) Terhadap Pedagang Kaki Lima di Jalan Samudra Kota Padang Tahun 2019.

Sensus Penduduk. (2020). Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020 Provinsi Gorontalo. In Bps.Go.Id (Vol. 19).

Sinaga, S., Sudarno, & Handayani, D. S. (2013). Pengaruh Jumlah Kendaraan dan Faktor Meteorologi terhadap Konsentrasi Karbon Monoksida (CO) di Jalan Ahmad Yani Kawasan Simpang Lima, Kota Semarang. Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan, 1â€“8. Retrieved from https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/144565-ID-pengaruh-jumlah-kendaraan-dan-faktor-met.pdf

Topacoglu, H., Katsakoglou, S., & Ipekci, A. (2014). Effect of exhaust emissions on carbon monoxide levels in employees working at indoor car wash facilities. Hippokratia, 18(1), 37â€“39.

Wahyuni, E., D, Y. H., & Setiani, O. (2018). Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan Gas Karbon Monoksida Pada Pedagang Kaki Lima (Studi Kasus Jalan Setiabudi Semarang). 6(6), 87â€“93.

Yuliusman, Sinto, J., Nugroho, Y. W., Nafâ€™An, H. I., Nafisah, A. R., & Sipangkar, S. P. (2020). Motor vehicle exhaust carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emission content reduction by banana peel activated carbon. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1430(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1430/1/012003