Journal of Coaching and Sports Science is a medium of communication for researchers, academics, and practitioners from around the world covering issues such as coaching athletes from various sports and the development of sports science. Journal of Coaching and Sports Science publishes comprehensive research articles and reviews by leading experts in the field. Selected articles that have high scientific achievements, provide important new knowledge, and are of high benefit for the public, coaches, and athletes to get to know the sport. Journal of Coaching and Sports Science was first published in 2022 and is regularly published twice per year. Journal of Coaching and Sports Science accepts submissions throughout the year. Submissions are reviewed upon receipt. Published Manuscripts are written in standard English.
Psychological skill configurations and rehabilitation readiness among injured pencak silat athletes: A person-centered analysis
Background: Psychological responses to sport injury critically determine rehabilitation engagement and return-to-sport outcomes. Existing research has predominantly employed variable-centered approaches that obscure heterogeneity in athletes' psychological adaptation, particularly within culturally embedded combat sports such as Pencak Silat. Aims: This study aimed to identify distinct psychological profiles among injured Pencak Silat athletes empirically and to examine how these profiles relate to rehabilitation readiness, thereby advancing an evidence-based framework for psychological skills training in injury rehabilitation contexts. Methods: A quasi-experimental pretest–posttest design combined with a person-centered analytical framework was employed. Data were collected from 108 injured Pencak Silat athletes across nine secondary educational institutions. Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) was conducted on five psychological domains: anxiety regulation, coping skills, self-confidence, motivation, and rehabilitation readiness, followed by MANOVA and hierarchical regression to examine profile-based differences and predictive relationships. Results: Three distinct profiles, Vulnerable (n = 29), Adaptive (n = 46), and Resilient (n = 33), were identified. All psychological indicators differed significantly across profiles, with large effect sizes. Hierarchical regression demonstrated that psychological skills and profile membership accounted for significant variance in rehabilitation readiness beyond injury-related factors (ΔR² = .19). Conclusion: Psychological adaptation to sport injury is best conceptualized through profile-based configurations of psychological skills. These findings support the development of individualized, profile-informed psychological skills training to enhance rehabilitation readiness and sustainable return-to-sport outcomes in Pencak Silat athletes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Edi Purnomo, Heny Setyawati, Agus Kristiyanto, Donny Wira Yudha Kusuma, Nadia Ingrida Kusumadewi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The hematological responses of Indonesian elite rowing athletes to different altitude training protocols
Background: Altitude training is widely used to improve endurance performance through hematological adaptations, but inter-individual variability is substantial, and responses among Southeast Asian athletes are poorly documented. Aims: This study compared hemoglobin, hematocrit, and reticulocyte dynamics in Indonesian elite rowers undergoing continuous high-altitude (HA) versus intermittent Pangalengan (PGL) protocols to characterize temporal adaptation patterns, identify predictive biomarkers, and inform protocol optimization. Methods: A total of 23 national-team rowers (8 females, 15 males) completed a 33-day longitudinal observational study at 2,434 m. Blood samples were collected at baseline (T0), post-exposure (T1, day 22), and recovery (T2, day 31). The HA group (n=12) remained continuously at altitude; the PGL group (n=11) made periodic normoxic descents. Data were analyzed using mixed-model repeated-measures ANOVA and correlation analyses. Ethical approval was obtained before data collection in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Results: Contrary to expectations, the HA protocol produced significant hemoglobin reductions (males: −3.78%, p=0.008), whereas the PGL protocol elicited positive adaptations (males: +4.69%, p=0.026). Negative responders constituted 75% of the HA group versus 9.1% of the PGL group (χ²=11.52, p=0.003). Baseline ferritin did not predict hemoglobin responses (r=−0.122, p=0.579). Conclusion: Protocol design, particularly the inclusion of normoxic recovery periods, was a stronger determinant of hematological adaptation than individual iron stores or sex. These findings affirm the live-high-train-low principles across diverse populations and support recovery-oriented protocols for Indonesian elite rowers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dede Rohmat Nurjaya, Angga M Syahid, Pipit Pitriani, Herdiansyah Agus, Gafur Ammar Santoso, Bayu Santoso, Dito Dwi Cahyo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The effect of unified rhythmic activity on psychological factors among girls with mild intellectual disability: A randomized controlled trial
Background: Girls with mild intellectual disability experience persistent deficits in adaptive behavior, coping skills, and social integration, particularly during adolescence when psychosocial demands intensify. Despite this need, accessible, school-based psychological interventions remain limited. Given the risk of long-term social exclusion and reduced quality of life, identifying low-cost, inclusive strategies such as unified rhythmic activity is urgently required. Aims: This study evaluated the effects of rhythmic activity training and unified rhythmic activity training on psychological outcomes, adaptive behavior, and coping strategies for girls with MID, who participated alongside typically developing peers. Methods: A three-arm randomized controlled trial included 45 girls (10–14 years) with mild intellectual disability (IQ 50–70) in Coimbatore, India. Participants were assigned to rhythmic training, unified rhythmic training, or control groups. Interventions lasted 12 weeks (60 minutes, thrice weekly). Primary outcomes were adaptive behavior and coping strategies; secondary outcomes included self-efficacy, social competence, emotional regulation, quality of life, and behavioral problems. Analyses applied intention-to-treat, repeated measures ANOVA, and ANCOVA. Result: Significant within-group reductions were found for Irritability/Agitation in RATG and URATG (both p < 0.001), but not in CG (p = 0.64), with significant between-group differences (p < 0.001). Social Withdrawal improved in RATG (p = 0.003) and URATG (p < 0.001), not in CG (p = 0.81). Stereotypic Behavior and Hyperactivity decreased significantly in both intervention groups (p ≤ 0.009), but not in CG (p ≥ 0.75), with significant group effects (p < 0.001). Inappropriate Speech showed no within-group significance, though between-group differences were significant (p = 0.001). Conclusion: This study establishes that rhythmic and unified rhythmic interventions significantly enhance adaptive behavior and coping in girls with mild intellectual disability, with the unified model offering superior social benefits. It advances inclusive physical activity as a theoretically grounded, evidence-based approach and contributes robust experimental data supporting scalable, school-based psychosocial interventions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vinolia Baskara Seliyan , Mary Glory Ponrani Mohanraj, Josyula Tejaswi, Vinu Wilson, Parveen Kumar, Debajit Karmakar, Yuni Astuti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Integrated physical training: An experimental study on the overall performance of basketball players
Background: Basketball performance requires integrating multiple physical components, including strength, speed, agility, flexibility, and endurance. However, conventional training programs often emphasize isolated components, limiting optimal performance development. An integrated training approach is therefore needed to address the multidimensional physical demands of basketball. Aims: Evaluate the effectiveness of an Integrated Physical Training (IPT) program in improving overall physical performance in basketball players, focusing on key components: strength, speed, agility, flexibility, and endurance. Methods: A quasi-experimental pre-test–post-test control group design was employed. Twenty-four male basketball players were randomly assigned to an experimental group and a control group. The intervention was conducted over 12 sessions (three sessions per week). Physical performance was assessed using a standardized fitness test battery covering strength, speed, agility, flexibility, and endurance. Data were analyzed using inferential statistics and effect size (Cohen’s d). Result: The IPT group demonstrated significant improvements (p < 0.05) across all physical performance variables compared to the control group. Effect sizes ranged from large to very large (Cohen’s d= 1.26–3.00), indicating substantial multidimensional performance gains. Conclusion: Integrated Physical Training (IPT) is more effective than conventional training in improving overall physical performance in basketball players. This approach is recommended as a comprehensive training model to optimize sport-specific physical adaptations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Oki Candra, Ahmad Rahmadani, Toktong Parulian, Putri Wahyuni, Siti Hannariah Mansor, Satrio Satrio https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Menstrual cycle on internal and external load in amateur women CrossFit players
Background: Female physical performance can be influenced by perceived, physiological, and physical factors, making it an important field for further research. Aims: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of the menstrual cycle (MC) on the cardiovascular and neuromuscular load of amateur women athletes in CrossFit® during real training situations. Methods: Resistance-trained CrossFit® athletes (without oral contraception) and eumenorrheic women participated in this study (age: 29.6 ± 4.06 years; height: 1.59.3 ± 0.06 m; body mass: 61.22 ± 4.59 kg). A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted to evaluate heart rate variability (rMSSD), upper-body strength, muscular endurance, and power performance. The data were analyzed using a one-way repeated-measures ANOVA and the nonparametric Friedman test to assess significant differences among the follicular, ovulatory, and luteal phases for all assessments. The significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Result: Results revealed no significant differences between the menstrual cycle phases in performance: (HRV RMSSD: H: 0.830, p: 0.443, η2: 0.038), (Push up test: H: 0.041, p: 0.959, η2: 0.002), (countermovement jump: H: 11.921, p: 0.050, η2: 0.362), (rate force development CMJ: H: 1.242, p: 0.299, η2: 0.056), (squat jump: H: 0.439, p: 0.648, η2: 0.020), (rate force development SJ: H: 1.703, p: 0.194, η2: 0.075), (isometric mid-thigh pull: H: 0.019, p: 0.981, η2: 9.132x10-4). Performance is not altered during the MC in female CrossFit® trained athletes. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that the menstrual cycle does not significantly influence internal and external training load, heart rate variability, or strength and power performance in this population.
Copyright (c) 2026 Cristian Yanez, Diego Calderon, Jose David Peralta, German Jimenez, Oscar Henriquez, Liliana Vergara, Julio Angulo, Nestor Ochoa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The comparison of body composition index, explosive power, and sprint speed of male student athletes after eight weeks of plyometric and weight training
Background: Plyometric and weight training are prevalent strategies for enhancing body composition, explosive strength, and running speed, all of which are crucial for physical performance and health. Nonetheless, their comparative efficacy remains contested, particularly among non-athletic groups. Aims: This study investigated and compared the effects of an 8-week plyometric and weight-training program on body composition index (BMI), explosive performance, and running speed among twenty-eight male student-athletes. Methods: The design was selected to determine causality and directly compare the effectiveness of two different training modalities under controlled conditions. To improve scientific rigor, the randomization process, assessor blinding, and meticulous control of training parameters. Result: Both training methods yielded substantial improvements across all evaluated variables. Plyometric training resulted in significant enhancements in horizontal explosive performance, evidenced by standing long jump results (p = 0.026), as well as moderate improvements in sprint speed. Conversely, weight training produced more significant enhancements in vertical jump performance (p = 0.038) and power output (p = 0.012). Both groups exhibited substantial decreases in body mass index and body fat percentage (p < 0.001). Conclusion: These data indicate that both plyometric and weight training significantly improve physical fitness. Plyometric training primarily enhances horizontal explosive power and sprint performance, whereas weight training is more effective for improving vertical power-related outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Karwan Faiaq Habib, Aso Ali Mohammed, Hiwa Ahmed Rahim, Dara Latif Saifalddin, Saiwan Sirwan Mohamed, Bahroz Osman Aref, Naser Rostamzadeh, Martin Hofmeister, Do-Youn Lee https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Mindfulness and its relationship with psychological well-being among gifted student-athletes
Background: This study examined the level of mindfulness and its relationship with psychological well-being among gifted student-athletes in Jordan, in light of the growing interest in the psychological role of mindfulness in supporting academic and athletic performance, as well as emotional balance, among this population. Aims: The study aimed to identify levels of mindfulness and psychological well-being among gifted student-athletes, to explore the nature of the relationship between these two variables, and to examine whether statistically significant differences in psychological well-being exist by gender. Methods: The study sample consisted of 145 male and female gifted student-athletes, selected using simple random sampling. Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scale – Short Form was employed. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods, including means and standard deviations, tests of difference, and correlation coefficients. Results: The findings indicated moderate levels of mindfulness (M = 3.22, SD = 0.35) and psychological well-being (M = 3.17, SD = 0.54). No statistically significant gender differences in psychological well-being were found (p > 0.05). In contrast, a strong, positive, and statistically significant correlation was identified between mindfulness and psychological well-being. Conclusion: The results highlight the practical value of integrating mindfulness-based training programs within educational and athletic environments for gifted students, as these programs enhance emotional balance, psychological resilience, and athletic performance. The study also provides a theoretical contribution by clarifying the relationship between mindfulness and psychological well-being within the Arab context, thereby supporting the development of evidence-based educational and athletic practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khalid Hammouri, Mahmoud R. Azam, Amr Mohmed Soliman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Usability Testing of Web-Based Anti-Doping Monitoring (Haloatlet 1.0) for Physical Impairment Athletes
Background: Athletes with disabilities still have limited access to digital anti-doping education, reflecting low digital readiness and unequal access to critical information. This gap increases the risk of unintentional doping, highlighting the urgency of improving digital anti-doping education for this population. Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the usability of the Haloatlet 1.0 monitoring media, which has been developed as part of an effort to prevent doping use among athletes with disabilities, utilizing the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) with an iterative model. The research focuses on the usability testing phase of the developed media product. Materials and methods: Data collection involved a sample of 30 athletes selected from 7 different sports. A Likert-scale System Usability Scale (SUS) questionnaire was used as the data collection instrument. The Curved Grading Scale (CGS) was used as a reference to represent the level of usability of Haloatlet 1.0. Results: The usability evaluation of the Haloatlet 1.0 doping prevention monitoring website yielded a SUS score of 81.17 ± 10.74, corresponding to Grade A and falling within the Excellent usability category (top 90–95 percentile). Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that the Haloatlet 1.0 website successfully provides a high level of usability in supporting athletes with physical disabilities in accessing anti-doping information and prevention resources. Effective anti-doping initiatives require continuous collaboration among key stakeholders to ensure clean and fair sports environments. Therefore, the results of this study offer valuable insights for enhancing inclusive and accessible digital anti-doping education policies, particularly for athletes with disabilities who often experience limited access to conventional learning platforms.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fadilah Umar, Deddy Whinata Kardiyanto, Giri Prayogo, Misbah Misbah, Dina Listiani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Relative anthropometric parameters as predictors of strength abilities of Olympic weightlifters
Background: Body proportions and muscular development are closely linked to force production capacity, yet their application as predictive tools in Olympic weightlifting training and athlete selection remains insufficiently explored. Aims: The study aimed to quantify the relationships between specific relative indexes of body muscularity and maximal force generated during two classic multi-joint resistance exercises – the back squat and the clean and jerk deadlift. Methods: 17 athletes participated in the study, all of whom were national-level competitors. Linear regression equations were estimated between four relative body muscularity parameters (Height/Body mass3 (BMH), Height/Shin circumference (HS), Height/Thigh circumference (HT), Height/Arm circumference (HA), and Height/Chest circumference (HC)) and maximal strength in back squat and clean and jerk deadlift. Results: We calculated statistically significant Pearson correlation coefficients and linear regression coefficients between the studied relative body muscularity parameters and maximal muscle strength in the back squat and deadlift. The adjusted R-squared values ranged from 0.082 to 0.768 across the regression equations. Conclusion: All studied relative parameters were statistically significant predictors of maximal strength in the deadlift and squat, with only 3 exceptions (BMH for the deadlift and BMH and HS for the squat). These results (in conjunction with the high adjusted R-squared values of the regressions) indicate that the constructed statistical models explain a relatively high proportion of the variation in the results. These findings can be used in training practice as guidelines for anthropometric changes to improve sports performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Valentin Panayotov, Krassimir Petkov, Rasho Makaveev https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Emotional Management Instrument in Indonesian Futsal Players
Background: Emotional management is a key psychological factor influencing futsal performance, but available measurement instruments are still general in nature, lack sport-specific validation, and have not been tested on Indonesian futsal athletes. Aims: This study seeks to rigorously validate and confirm the factor structure of an emotional management instrument designed explicitly for Indonesian futsal athletes, thereby strengthening its scientific and contextual relevance calculations with CFA. Methods: Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed on data from 438 athletes recruited through incidental sampling across multiple regions in Indonesia. The emotional management instrument comprised 23 items that had previously undergone rigorous content validation by experts, including psychologists, national-level futsal coaches, and sport science academics. Model fit indices, convergent validity, and internal consistency reliability were systematically evaluated to ensure the robustness of the measurement model. Results: The five-factor model demonstrated excellent fit to the data (e.g., CFI > .95, TLI > .95, RMSEA < .06, SRMR < .08). All factors had AVEs above 0.50, indicating strong convergent validity. Reliability indices were high, with McDonald's ω and Cronbach's α exceeding .70 for all factors. Conclusion: The results indicate that the emotional management instrument demonstrates satisfactory validity, reliability, and structural integrity for application among Indonesian futsal athletes, thereby providing a robust framework for psychological assessment and supporting future research, talent development, and mental training programs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wawan Sundawan Suherman, Soni Nopembri, Sigit Dwi Andrianto, Fitri Agung Nanda, Dewi Nurhidayah, Novriansyah Novriansyah, José Vicente García-Jiménez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Athletic profiling of young swimmers: Physical tests and training practices
Background: Assessing athletic qualities, coach training, and sports infrastructure can influence athletic performance. This study examines the link between the swimmer’s athletic profile test and the role of athletic quality assessment in optimizing performance. Aims: To study the role of athletic quality assessment among Moroccan coaches and technical directors in the physical preparation of their swimmers, in relation to sports infrastructure. Method: twenty elite swimmers of both sexes, aged 14 to 16, and 33 coaches and technical directors participated in this study. An athletic profile assessment test was conducted, and a survey was conducted on the role of athletic quality assessment across various aspects, including training, athletic quality assessment, and constraints related to sports infrastructure. Chi-square and independence correlation tests were used to analyze the significance and correlation between variables. Results: The swimmers’ athletic profile tests were exploratory. No significant difference was found between participants’ training and their physical preparation practices for training (p = 0.085 > 0.05). No significant difference was found between participants’ status and the location of their physical preparation (p = 0.939). No significant correlation was found between the importance of the assessment and participants’ gender in the Mann-Whitney test (46 with exact; p = 0.540 > 0,05). Conclusion: Our results suggest that implementing athletic profile testing for swimmers can be useful for selecting and customizing training programs and improving performance in specific disciplines. Our findings indicate that the importance of physical preparation is not linked to coach training or to constraints on sports infrastructure.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed Hamdi, Khalid El Mouahid, Samy Smouni, Mohammed Benhida, Omar Ajaja, Abdelkhaleq Legssyer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Trends in sport and exercise psychology research: An integrated bibliometric and systematic literature review based on Scopus (2005–2025)
Background: Sport and Exercise Psychology (SEP) has evolved significantly as a scientific discipline, yet comprehensive mapping of its intellectual structure, thematic evolution, and research trends remains limited, particularly for the period encompassing recent methodological and conceptual advances. Aims: This study mapped the bibliometric landscape of SEP research indexed in Scopus (2005–May 2025) and synthesised high-quality empirical evidence to address six research questions, identifying knowledge gaps and future directions. Methods: A dual-method approach combined bibliometric analysis of 2,637 Scopus-indexed articles using VOSviewer software with a PRISMA-guided systematic literature review. The search strategy employed the query TITLE (“Sport and Exercise Psychology”) in the Scopus database, limited to English-language original research articles published between 2005 and May 2025. Bibliometric indicators included publication trends, citation patterns, author productivity (Lotka's Law), journal distribution (Bradford's Law), geographical contributions, and keyword co-occurrence networks. Thirty high-quality empirical studies were reviewed to address six research questions spanning motivation, identity, professional practice, mental health interventions, methodology, and psychological risks. Results: Annual publication growth averaged 13.43%, peaking at 293 articles in 2024. The United States, United Kingdom, and Australia dominated output (32% combined). “Physical activity,” “exercise,” and “mental health” emerged as dominant themes, reflecting expansion beyond performance psychology toward holistic wellbeing. Conceptual structure analysis revealed four primary dimensions: sport motivation and performance, exercise and mental health, youth sport and education, and cognitive aspects. The systematic review identified three cross-cutting themes: progressive methodological pluralism, tension between globalising professional standards and culturally responsive practice, and convergence of researcher epistemology with practitioner identity formation. Conclusion: SEP demonstrates robust growth and increasing methodological sophistication, yet geographical disparities, underrepresented populations, and research-practice gaps require strategic attention to enhance global applicability and the implementation of evidence-based practice. This study contributes to the field by presenting the first integrated bibliometric-systematic review of SEP over two decades, offering a two-method framework that combines structural mapping of knowledge production with a substantial synthesis of empirical evidence, and an approach that has been underutilized in previous SEP reviews.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yusuf Hidayat, Mohd Sofian Omar Fauzee, Norlena Salamuddin, Singha Tulyakul, Utku Işık, Hasmiza Abdul Majeed, Burhan Hambali, Dywa Ikal Mutaqin, Nadila Maesara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Sports infrastructure as a training environment: Participation patterns and adherence challenges in rural municipalities
Background: Rural areas face persistent challenges in promoting regular sports participation due to demographic ageing, limited infrastructure, and uneven access to organized programs. These constraints may affect not only population-level physical activity but also the training environments available to athletes and coaches in small rural municipalities. Aims: This study analyzes sports habits, motivations, barriers, and the availability of sports facilities in three rural municipalities in southern Spain, examining how local infrastructural and organizational conditions shape participation patterns and adherence to sport. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive design was employed involving 289 residents from Cumbres Mayores, Cumbres de San Bartolomé, and Cumbres de Enmedio, selected through a non-probabilistic snowball sampling technique. Data were collected using an adapted questionnaire based on the Spanish Survey of Sports Habits, consisting of items on sports participation frequency, motivations, perceived barriers, and assessment of local sports facilities. The questionnaire demonstrated adequate content validity through expert judgment and high internal reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.86). Data were analyzed using descriptive and comparative statistical procedures, including frequencies and percentages, to identify inter-municipal patterns. Result: The findings reveal apparent inter-municipal differences in sustained sports participation and perceived facility adequacy. More than one-third of respondents reported not engaging in regular physical activity, while insufficient or poorly maintained facilities were identified as a key barrier by over 30% of inactive participants. Approximately 40% indicated having practiced sport in the past but no longer do so, particularly in the smallest municipality, suggesting adherence challenges rather than a lack of initial interest. Gender-related disparities were also observed, mainly associated with time constraints and limited program availability among women. Notably, over 70% of participants expressed willingness to resume or increase participation if access to facilities and guided programs improved. Conclusion: Sports participation in small rural contexts depends not only on individual motivation but also on the availability, accessibility, and activation of local sports infrastructure. For athletes and coaches, these conditions directly affect training continuity, program viability, and development opportunities. The results support the need for context-sensitive sports planning that integrates infrastructure improvement, supervised training, and community engagement to promote sustainable training environments in rural areas.
Copyright (c) 2026 David Cobos-Valiente, Jerónimo García-Fernández, Moisés Grimaldi-Puyana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Digital Technology and Local Policy: An Evidence-Based Collaborative Model for Sports Talent Identification
Background: Talent identification requires objective and consistent data use, yet many athlete development systems still rely on limited technological support and uneven policy implementation. Aligning digital tools with local policy is therefore essential for creating a more coherent evidence-based approach. Aims: This study explains the relationship between technology utilization and local policy support in enhancing talent identification effectiveness and formulates a collaborative conceptual model integrating both components. Methods: This study used a quantitative explanatory design involving 50 participants consisting of coaches, physical education teachers, and student athletes selected through purposive sampling. Data were obtained through TIDev outputs, validated questionnaires, and structured observations. Analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, and multiple regression through SPSS to evaluate technology utilization, policy support, and talent mapping efficiency. A conceptual model was formulated through interpretive synthesis based on empirical patterns and relevant theories. Results: Technology utilization showed high mean scores, while policy implementation and impact were moderate. Correlation analysis indicated no significant relationship between policy support and technology use. Regression results showed that TIDev significantly improved talent-mapping efficiency, whereas policy support had no direct effect. Expert validation yielded a high I-CVI score (0.88), confirming relevance of the proposed collaborative model. Conclusion: This study shows that TIDev contributes meaningfully to improving the effectiveness of talent identification, whereas local policy support has not yet been fully integrated into operational practice. Based on the empirical patterns, a collaborative conceptual model was formulated to illustrate how technological evidence and policy structures can be aligned to strengthen talent identification.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Ramli Buhari, Hamdiana Hamdiana, Hendry Ismawan, Muhammad Hakam Fitrah Khumaini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Integration of Eye-Tracking Technology in Virtual Reality Applications for Basketball Training: A Mixed Methods Needs Assessment
Background: The integration of virtual reality (VR) and eye-tracking (ET) technologies has considerable potential for enhancing perceptual–cognitive skill development in basketball. However, existing research provides limited guidance on the technical and pedagogical requirements for designing VR–ET systems that are both instructionally meaningful and aligned with user needs. Aims: This study aims to identify these key design requirements through a user-centred mixed-methods approach. Methods: Semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with coaches and lecturers were conducted to explore training challenges, expectations, and pedagogical considerations. Insights from the qualitative phase informed the development of a questionnaire administered to student-athletes (N = 120), allowing for the validation and prioritisation of system requirements. Qualitative data were analysed thematically, while quantitative data were examined using descriptive statistics. Result: The integrated findings reveal six essential domains for effective VR–ET system design: immersive tactical–technical visualisation, interactive decision-making scenarios, gaze-based performance indicators, real-time visual feedback, learning support features, and implementation readiness. Users emphasised the value of VR–ET for enhancing tactical understanding, attentional control, and personalised training experiences. Conclusion: This study contributes both theoretically and methodologically by addressing the lack of user-informed frameworks in VR–ET research and demonstrating the value of participatory mixed-methods approaches in sports technology development. The results provide a foundational design blueprint for future VR–ET prototypes and offer new insights into how immersive and gaze-based technologies can support athlete learning in team sports.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmad Rahmadani, Oki Candra, Feby Elra Perdima, Syed Kamaruzaman Syed Ali, Joseph T Lobo, Novri Gazali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Game-Based Training Model: Does It Improve Fundamental Badminton Young Athletes' Skills?
Background: The application of game models in badminton for young athletes is considered very appropriate. Game models incorporate training elements suitable for young athletes, who are still in a developmental stage that requires play, so that training can be maximized, as athletes feel more relaxed and have more fun in the program. Aims: The research aims to examine the effectiveness of the game model in improving young athletes' badminton skills. Methods: This study used a quantitative descriptive quasi-experimental design. The research design used in this study was “The One Group Pretest Posttest Design” with no control group. Results: The Wilcoxon test in Table 3 above shows that the pretest and posttest scores for badminton skills were significantly different (p < 0.05). Thus, the game model is efficacious in improving athletes' badminton skills. Conclusion: The game model applied in this study demonstrates high effectiveness in improving young athletes' badminton skills. Therefore, the researcher recommends using a game-based training model to improve young athletes' badminton skills. Implementing game-based training models can significantly enhance the development of young badminton athletes. By integrating play-oriented activities into training, coaches can create a more engaging and motivating environment that aligns with children's developmental needs. This approach not only improves technical and tactical skills in badminton but also promotes enjoyment, reduces training stress, and fosters long-term athlete participation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Eka Fitri Novita Sari, Nofi Marlina Siregar, Sigit Nugroho, Lala Septem Riza, Masnur Ali, Novri Asri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Time pressure and player disadvantage: Effects on jump performance in simulated matches of well-trained amateur handball players
Background: At the end of a handball match, when players are physically disadvantaged and pressured by time, their overall fitness declines. This primarily affects their jumping ability, a key skill for scoring points. Aims: This study examined the effects of late-match time pressure and player disadvantage on the jumping performance of well-trained amateur handball players under simulated competition conditions. Methods: Twenty-eight amateur handball players (14 males and 14 females; age 20.00 ± 0.86 years, weight 65.32 ± 11.18 kg, height 169.68 ± 9.56 cm, experience 4.79 ± 2.63 years, and VO2max 40.89 ± 7.67 ml/kg/min) participated in a simulated handball match that replicated the intensity of a simulated game. The match was simulated with a player disadvantage and a score of less than 1 point in the final five minutes. Height jump (HJ), Rate of force development (RFD), and Power (PW) were analyzed using countermovement jumps (CMJ) pre and post competition, along with average heart rate (HR) during the game. Results: HJ, RFD, and PW increased significantly after the competition (P < 0.05), regardless of whether the athlete was on the favored or disadvantaged team. However, no significant differences were found between favored and disadvantaged teams in any of the variables. Conclusion: Jumping performance did not consistently decrease in situations with fewer players and scoring pressure. Furthermore, neuromuscular fitness temporarily increased after intense exercise and a short recovery period.
Copyright (c) 2026 Teerapong Panichram, Khanita Khumsingsan, Watunyou Khamros https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Differences in perceived readiness to train between two menstrual cycle phases in female athletes
Background: The menstrual cycle and associated physical symptoms, such as fatigue, mood swings, cramps, changes in energy levels, and physical discomfort, may directly influence athletic performance. Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of two stages of the menstrual cycle (early follicular & luteal phases) on recovery from exercise, as measured by heart rate variability, jumping performance, and a psychological wellness questionnaire in conjunction with current training regimes. Methods: A repeated measurement design was utilized, and statistical significance was set a priori at p < 0.05. Fifteen (n = 15) female participants (mean ± SD) for age, height, weight, body composition of 19.60 ± 1.3 years, 164.67 ± 5.78 cm, 62.44 ± 10.95 kg, and body composition 24.34 ± 6.45%), were tested in the early follicular and early luteal phase of their menstrual cycle. Results: Researchers observed significant differences in perceived readiness to train between the two phases. The early luteal phase showed a significantly higher (p < 0.01) score on the wellness questionnaire than the early follicular phase. No significant differences were found for HRV (p = 0.62), reactive strength index (p = 0.59), and vertical jump performance (p = 0.12) between the two phases. Conclusion: These results suggest that in the early luteal phase, athletes are less negatively affected by psychological factors and appear better prepared to train. However, these factors do not have a significant impact on performance metrics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Noah Reinertz, Brett Crossland https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Performance Indicators in Football: Examining the impact of Passing and Crossing Efficiency on Team Rankings
Background: Passing and crossing efficiency are recognized as key factors in football performance, yet their contextual influence in Southeast Asian competitions has been underexplored. The 2024 Mitsubishi Electric Cup offers a vital setting to examine how these technical indicators affect team tactics and rankings within the region's evolving football landscape. Aims: This study aims to analyze team distribution performance through accurate passes, pass success rates, and crossing accuracy, and to determine how these variables relate to team rankings and tactical strategies in both offensive and defensive phases. Methods: A quantitative approach was employed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and regression analysis. Data were collected from official tournament databases. The independent variables were accurate passes, pass success rate, and crossing accuracy, while team ranking served as the dependent variable. Results: Data from ten teams were analyzed. Thailand recorded the highest pass success rate (85%) and passing volume (3,373 passes), showing strong possession control. Vietnam achieved the highest crossing accuracy (60%), indicating effective wide-play. Correlation analysis revealed a moderate relationship between pass success rate and crossing accuracy (r = 0.65, p < 0.05). Regression results confirmed that pass success rate significantly predicted passing volume (R² = 0.45, p < 0.05). Conclusion: Teams with higher pass accuracy demonstrated superior control and competitive performance, while crossing efficiency was more context-dependent. Coaches and federations should emphasize structured passing drills and possession-based play, integrating crossing strategies selectively. Future studies should apply AI-assisted tactical modeling to enhance distribution and performance analysis in regional and global football
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohamad Nizam Nazarudin, Ardo Okilanda, Rabiu Muazu Musa, Lao Xiaoyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Body Composition, Hand Grip Strength, and Leg Strength in Various Sports
Background: Body composition, leg strength ratio, and handgrip strength could significantly affect and predict aspects of health and athletic performance. We explored the association between body composition (BC), leg strength (LSR), and hand grip strength (HGS) among university athletes in different sports. Aims: to investigate the multiple influences of these physical factors through other sports to provide a more integrated understanding of the total effect of these factors on athlete performance and selection. Methods: Sixty-six university athletes (age: 22.76± 2.11y, BMI 21.57± 3.04 kg/m2) were enrolled for our study. The participants (39 males and 27 females) participated in cricket, volleyball, and athletics. Body composition (BC), including lean body mass (LBM), muscle mass (MM), skeletal muscle mass (SMM), body fat mass (BFM), basal metabolic rate (BMR), hand grip strength (HGS), and leg strength ratio (LSR), was assessed. A chi-square test and independent sample t-tests analyzed the differences between categorical and continuous variables. A one-way ANOVA was used to analyze the multiple comparisons (BMR, LSR, BFM, and HGS) across cricket, volleyball, and track and field athletes. Results: The mean BFM in volleyball players was higher than in track and field athletes (14.20 ± 6.28 vs 8.44 ± 3.15, p<0.05). Analysis with a linear regression model adjusted for age, sex, BMI, and smoking habit indicated that LBM and BFM of participants were positively associated with HGS (p<0.05). However, an increase in HGS was associated with greater LSR in cricket (p< 0.001), volleyball (p <0.0001), and track and field athletes (p< 0.01). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that body composition, hand grip strength, and leg strength may be useful in player selection and improving performance for specific sports. Our results indicate increased hand grip strength is associated with greater leg strength.
Copyright (c) 2025 Al Azim, Houda Bougrine, Jakir Hossain, Ismail Laher, Karuppasamy Govindasamy, Ayoub Saeidi, Hassane Zouhal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Psychological Needs Satisfaction and Thwarting, Burnout, and Controlling Coach Behaviors among Athletes: A Structural Model on Team Climate
Background: Team climate plays a crucial role in athletes' psychological well-being and performance. While sports participation fosters social connections and mental wellness, athletes also face stressors that impact their motivation and well-being. Aims: This study aimed to assess the levels of psychological needs satisfaction (PNS), psychological need thwarting (PNT), burnout (BO), controlling coach behavior (CCB), and team climate (TC) among athletes. It also examined the relationships among these variables, identified key predictors of team climate, and determined the best-fitting model explaining team climate in a sports context. Methods: A descriptive-correlational design and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) were used to analyze data from 57 competitive athletes. PNS, PNT, CCB, and BO were measured to identify key predictors influencing TC and its model parsimony. Results: Mean scores indicated moderate to high levels of PNS (x̄=5.87), PT (x̄=3.30), BO (x̄=3.00), CCB (x̄=2.90), and TC (x̄=5.53). Correlation analysis revealed that PNS positively correlated with TC (r=0.545; p<0.01), while PT (r=-0.362; p<0.01) and BO (r=-0.200; p<0.05) negatively correlated with TC. Multiple regression showed that PNS (β=0.626; p=0.000), PT (β=-0.504; p=0.000), and BO (β=0.423; p=0.004) significantly predicted TC, with an R² of 0.505. Among of the generated models, hypothesized model 4 met the high threshold indices (CMIN/DF=1.102, RMSEA=0.02, GFI=0.981, CFI=0.958, TLI=0.972, NFI=0.956). Conclusion: PNS emerged as the strongest predictor of TC, while PNT hindered it. Surprisingly, BO positively influenced TC, suggesting shared adversity may strengthen cohesion. CCB did not directly predict TC but indirectly influenced BO. The findings highlight the importance of athlete-centered coaching in fostering supportive teams and well-being.
Copyright (c) 2025 Arianne Michael Sim Monderondo Tuano, Arvin Alcaraz Andacao, Jovelito Dora
The Relationship between Career Satisfaction and Life Satisfaction: An Investigation from the Perspective of Efficacy of Football Coaches in Türkiye
Background: Career and life satisfaction are critical factors influencing football coaches' well-being, performance and future. However, the role of coaching efficacy as a mediator between these two factors remains underexplored, particularly in the context of football coaching in Türkiye. Aims: The present study examines the mediating role of coaching efficacy in the relationship between football coaches' careers and life satisfaction. Methods: The research group, which adopted a quantitative approach, consists of individuals with football coaching licences in Türkiye (n=429). The parametric tests were used in the analyses, and a modern approach was adopted for the mediation analysis. Furthermore, ANOVA was applied to the analysis of differences, and the Pearson correlation test was applied to the relationship between concepts. In addition, the difference between the groups was determined by the Tukey test. Result: The age factor did not affect coaching efficacy. However, experience and license categories were found to be important factors. The structural model constructed for the research was confirmed (Δχ²/sd=1.94; RMSEA=.05; CFI=.95; GFI=.90; IFI=.94). Conclusion: The study determined that coaching efficacy mediated the relationship between coaches' career and life satisfaction. Coaching efficacy plays an important role not only for the athletes but also for their own lives. Therefore, it is recommended that football coaches give importance to professional efficacy and improve themselves to achieve career and life satisfaction.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anıl Siyahtaş, Ebru Ceviz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Inswing or Outswing Corner Kicks? A Meta-Analysis of Offensive Outcomes in Professional Soccer
Background: Although corner kicks are the most tactically analyzed set pieces in professional soccer, there is still no consensus on whether inswinging or outswinging deliveries are more effective, and no previous meta-analysis has systematically addressed this question. Aims: The study aimed to compare the offensive effectiveness of inswinging and outswinging corner kicks, specifically concerning goal conversion and the creation of final attempts, while also examining differences between domestic and international competitions. Methods: A meta-analysis was conducted using data from 12 eligible studies involving professional competitions. Binary outcomes (goal vs. no goal; final attempt vs. no attempt) were analyzed using log odds ratios under a random-effects model to account for heterogeneity. Subgroup analyses were performed based on competition type (domestic vs. international). Result: The cumulative goal conversion rate from corners was 3.09%, while the rate for final attempts was 25.61%. No statistically significant difference was found between inswinging and outswinging corners regarding goal conversion (OR = 0.99, p = 0.67). However, outswinging corners increase the probability of a final attempt (OR = 0.79, p = 0.02) compared to inswinging corners. Conclusion: This first meta-analysis comparing corner kick delivery types shows that, while both are equally effective for scoring, outswinging corners lead to more final attempts. Coaches may prioritize outswinging deliveries to improve offensive output and reduce counterattack risk. Future studies should examine contextual factors (e.g., marking systems, delivery zones) and include defensive outcomes for a more holistic tactical understanding.
Copyright (c) 2025 Spyridon Plakias, Vasilis Armatas, Giannis Giakas
Learning Trajectories of High-Performance Teacher-Coaches in Japanese High Schools: A Mixed-Methods Study
Background: Understanding how effective coaching impacts athlete success is crucial to understanding how high-performance teacher-coaches manage their dual teaching and coaching roles and develop their professional skills throughout their careers. Aim: This study examined the key learning sources contributing to the professional development of teacher-coaches in Japan. Methods: This study adopted a mixed-methods approach involving eight male teacher-coaches with over 20 years of successful coaching experience. Participants completed a questionnaire rated on a 7-point Likert scale regarding the importance of various learning sources throughout their careers. Additionally, semi-structured interviews were conducted to gain an in-depth understanding of their learning experiences. Results: Quantitative analysis showed that the learning sources changed across career phases: "Learning as a teacher" (20s), "On-the-job experience" (30s–50s), and "Reflection" (60s). The qualitative analysis revealed three main themes: Learning as a teacher (20s), On-the-job experience (30-50s) and Reflection (60s). These themes illustrated how the sources contributed to the development of their coaching skills—early teaching responsibilities nurtured intra- and interpersonal competencies, while later stages emphasized the cultivation of reflective practices. Conclusions: The findings contribute valuable insights into improving coach development programs, ensuring teacher-coaches ongoing growth and success in their dual roles. Coach developers should encourage teacher-coaches to foster intra- and interpersonal knowledge through teaching and various other learning opportunities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Seita Kuki, Clifford J. Mallett, Jun Mizushima, Steven B. Rynne
Characterization of Axial Forces to the Head During Kipping Handstand Push-ups
Background: Thousands of athletes perform kipping handstand push-ups (kHSPUs). The safety of kHSPUs has been questioned because of vertical impacts upon the head, but no previous study has examined the ground reaction forces sustained during these exercises. Aims: This exploratory, observational cross-sectional study measured the forces exerted on the head and supported by the neck during kipping handstand push-ups (kHSPU). The goal was to compare these forces with known thresholds that can damage the cervical spine. The researcher also aimed to determine how often people experience symptoms after performing these exercises. Methods: Sixteen volunteers performed three sets of up to 7 kHSPUs with their head and one hand contacting force platforms. Force and video recordings were made while performing the exercises. Volunteers were asked if they had neck pain or headaches related to the exercises. Result: Force profiles showed distinct landing and kipping peaks. Landing forces were higher than during a headstand but less than body weight. Forces were greatest during the "kip" and usually exceeded body weight. Participants who reported pain following kHSPUs extended their necks during the exercises. Forces to the head during kHSPUs were below forces proposed for damage to the young male cervical spine but overlapped those proposed for damage to female cervical spines. Conclusion: While kipping handstand push-ups may be safe for young and previously uninjured male athletes, they may be unsafe for females and those with previous injuries or other compromising factors. Detailed inquiry about symptoms and neck injuries secondary to these exercises is warranted. Based on the initial observations, until these exercises are shown to be safe, athletes should be informed about these possible risks before performing the exercises.
High-intensity Functional Training (HIFT) and the Oxford System: Their Effect on the Physical and Skill Factors of Football Players During Weight Training
Background: Improving the functional fitness of elite football players requires specialized training techniques that align with structured sport-specific programs. High-Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) and the Oxford System are emerging methods incorporated into weightlifting programs to enhance physical and skill-related attributes in football athletes. This study explores their effectiveness compared to traditional weightlifting methods. Aims: The study aims to assess the impact of HIFT and Oxford System exercises on football players' physical and skill development, focusing on explosive force, speed power, maximum speed, dribbling, passing, and scoring. Methods: Twenty-four football players from the Darbandikhan Sports Club (2021–2022 seasons) were purposively allocated into an experimental group (HIFT and Oxford System) and a control group (conventional weightlifting). Physical and skill-related characteristics were measured through pre-tests and post-tests to evaluate improvements. Results: The experimental group significantly improved physical and skill-related attributes between the pre-test and post-test. Post-test results revealed that explosive force, speed power, and maximum speed were significantly higher than in the control group (t = −4.257, p = 0.002). Skill-related dribbling, passing, and scoring improvements were also statistically significant (t = 1.147, p = 0.001; 1.264, p = 0.002; 4.287, p = 0.004). The experimental group outperformed the control group across all measured criteria. Conclusion: The findings indicate that HIFT and Oxford System exercises effectively enhance football players' crucial physical and skill components. Incorporating these training methods into structured programs can significantly improve players' athletic performance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hassan Hashim Abdulla, Tareq Hussein Mohammed Salih, Hiwa Ahmed Rahim, Dara Latif Saifaddin
Integration of Biomechanics and Digital Technology: Using Kinovea for Motion Analysis and Learning for Beginner Athletes
Background: The integration of biomechanics with digital motion-analysis technologies has introduced new approaches for examining movement efficiency, kinematic characteristics, and technical patterns in walking and running activities. Kinovea, as an accessible motion-analysis software, provides both visual and quantitative feedback. However, its application in supporting technique development among beginner athletes remains insufficiently explored. Aim: This study aims to describe the use of Kinovea in biomechanics training and examine its contribution to the awareness of kinematic characteristics and movement techniques among beginner athletes. Methods: A descriptive qualitative design involved 72 beginner athletes aged 18–25 years selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected over 16 weeks through interviews, field observations, and motion video recordings analyzed using Kinovea. Kinematic data focused on joint angles, stride behavior, and movement phases during walking, running, and the flight phase. Qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis with NVivo 12, while kinematic results were interpreted descriptively to identify performance patterns and areas for technical refinement. Result: Kinematic analysis showed coordinated joint-angle patterns across all phases. Walking analysis identified arm swing angles of 50.9°–58.8° and leg separation angles of 64.3°–67.2°, indicating a stable gait rhythm. The running analysis revealed knee angles of 68.8°–69.8° and elbow angles of 87.6°–89.1°, indicating efficient propulsive mechanics. The flight phase demonstrated knee angles of 81.2°–87.8° and elbow angles of 80.4°–88.3°, suggesting effective momentum use and postural stability. These measurements supported stride-efficiency assessment and technique evaluation. Qualitative findings revealed that Kinovea enabled athletes to interpret movement phases and identify technical inefficiencies through slow-motion and frame-by-frame visualization. Conclusion: Kinovea supports basic motion analysis by providing clear kinematic information and helping beginner athletes observe and refine their movement techniques. The findings also offer practical value for coaches by enabling more precise identification of inefficient patterns and guiding targeted corrections during early-stage training.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Nur Hudha, Riezky Maya Probosari, Annisa Nur Khasanah, Supurwoko, Salsabila Kholifahtun Nisa’, Gifran Rihla Gifarka Latief https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Role of Big Data Analytics (BDA) in Sport: Sports Data Mining
Background: Big Data Analytics (BDA) is urgently needed in Indonesian sports to improve evidence-based decision-making, athlete development, and organizational management. While BDA has transformed global sports through data-driven insights, its application in Indonesia remains limited and fragmented. The absence of integrated analytics between athlete performance and organizational quality management hinders the creation of sustainable, long-term development systems. Aims: This study investigates how BDA can enhance athlete development and organizational management by analyzing multidimensional data from athletes, coaches, referees, and sports infrastructures. It also aims to identify dominant predictors of athlete performance across various sports and to evaluate the quality management practices of the National Sports Committee of Indonesia (NSCI). Methods: A mixed-methods sequential explanatory design was applied. The quantitative phase involved 67 athletes from six sports: football, table tennis, weightlifting, pencak silat, basketball, and karate at the Sport Training Center. Data on anthropometry, fitness, and achievements were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Chi-Square, and regression tests. The qualitative phase involved interviews and observations with 8–12 stakeholders, while organizational quality was assessed using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test. Result: Results revealed significant performance differences among sports (F = 4.927, p = 0.001). Each sport had unique dominant predictors: VO₂ max and anthropometry (soccer), agility (table tennis), muscle strength (weightlifting), endurance and height (basketball), and speed (karate). NSCI’s organizational analysis showed substantial deficiencies in management, facilities, and procedures (p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study confirms that BDA is crucial in advancing sustainable sports development. By identifying sport-specific performance predictors and systemic weaknesses, BDA provides a scientific foundation for designing targeted training, improving organizational quality, and building adaptive, data-driven sports ecosystems in Indonesia. The findings highlight the urgent need for national sports bodies to institutionalize BDA as part of long-term strategic planning.
Copyright (c) 2025 Soedjatmiko, Atip Nurcahyani, Putra Sastaman B, Mashud, Ahmad Nasrulloh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Biomechanical Analysis of Table Tennis Racket Performance Using Makassar Ebony Veneer: A Comparative Study
Background: A racket's performance in controlling trajectory and manipulating the speed of the ball is greatly influenced by its structural characteristics and materials. The material of the table tennis racket can affect its performance, reducing the speed and control of the ball. Aims: The main objective of this research is to analyze the biomechanical performance of the Garuda Unesa Speed (GUS) table tennis racket made from Makassar ebony veneer as the main material and to compare its attributes, particularly speed and control, with those of high-end commercial rackets. Methods: This study applies a comparative design by comparing two types of rackets in table tennis. Two-dimensional kinematics analysis was also conducted using Kinovea software. Result: Based on the t-test results with a non-parametric path, all variables showed a significant difference with a p-value of 0.01 (Sig < 0.05). However, one variable did not show a significant difference, namely the velocity variable, with a p-value of 0.05 (Sig < 0.05). If examined from the average value, the speed variable has a slight difference (a difference of 0.5). The average speed data shows that the Makassar ebony wood veneer racket has better speed. Conclusion: Based on the results of biomechanical analysis, the reflection of the Makassar ebony wood veneer racket makes a good contribution to the speed and control of the table tennis racket. This finding has practical implications for designing an effective table tennis athlete smash and block game by utilizing the speed and control of a table tennis racket using Makassar ebony wood veneer.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wachid Sugiharto, Nurhasan Nurhasan, Dwi Cahyo Kartiko, Muchamad Arif Al Ardha, Sauqi Sawa Bikalawan, Sheva Edhu Wigraha, Jay Mark Arbaan
Can Virtual Reality Training Effectively Improve Physical Condition and Back-Row Attack in Volleyball?
Background: There is an urgent need to explore innovative training methods that can improve the physical condition and back-row attack performance of junior volleyball players. Despite its great potential, Virtual Reality (VR) is still underutilized in youth sports training. Aims: This study aims to test the effectiveness of VR-based training in improving physical conditioning and back-row attack quality. Method: A quasi-experimental design was employed with 24 junior volleyball athletes aged 14 to 16. The participants underwent VR-based training three times a week for six weeks, with each 45-minute session consisting of a 15-minute warm-up, a 30-minute training session, and a 5-minute cool-down. Measurement tools included vertical jump tests, 20-meter sprints, Illinois agility tests, and structured observations to evaluate physical performance and back-row attack effectiveness. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests and multiple linear regression. Result: The results showed significant improvements in vertical jump height (d = −8.18), sprint time (d = 2.42), agility score (d = 3.32), and back row attack (d = −3.32) at p < 0.001. Structured observations revealed improvements in the accuracy, timing, and coordination of back-row attacks. Regression analysis revealed that a better physical condition, particularly in terms of jumping and agility, significantly contributed to improved back-row attack performance (R² = 0.876, p < 0.001). Conclusion: These findings suggest that VR-based training can effectively enhance physical condition and technical performance in back-row attacks, likely due to the immersive simulation environment supporting enhanced motor learning and situational awareness.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bujang, Yusuf Hidayat, Mia Kusumawati, Hasan Basri, Azi Faiz Ridho, Wahidah Tumijan, Wan Ahmad Munsif Wan Pa, Dywa Ikal Mutaqin, Bimo Subagyo