International Journal of Hydrological and Environmental for Sustainability
International Journal of Hydrological and Environmental for Sustainability (IJHES) [e-ISSN: 2828-5050 & p-ISSN:2828-6405] is a peer-reviewed international journal dedicated to advancing scientific knowledge, technological innovation, and sustainable solutions in hydrology, environmental science, environmental engineering, and Earth sciences. The journal serves as a platform that bridges academia, industry, and policy by encouraging contributions that integrate robust scientific research with practical and scalable applications for sustainable water and environmental management. IJHES aims to publish high-quality original research articles, reviews, and case studies that advance the understanding of hydrological systems, environmental processes, and sustainability-oriented solutions at local, regional, and global scales. The journal particularly welcomes interdisciplinary studies that combine hydrology, hydrogeology, environmental engineering, environmental chemistry, and geosciences to support sustainable water resource management, environmental protection, pollution mitigation, and subsurface system characterization. The scope of IJHES includes, but is not limited to, surface water and groundwater hydrology, hydrogeology, water quality assessment, environmental geochemistry, contaminant transport, isotopic and chemical processes in surface and subsurface waters, geothermal and groundwater system evaluation, and Earth system processes related to water–environment interactions. The journal also covers process-based, analytical, experimental, and geoscientific approaches that contribute to sustainable development, climate and land-use impacts on hydrological systems, and environmentally relevant geophysical investigations. By promoting interdisciplinary and evidence-based research of international relevance, IJHES seeks to contribute to the development of innovative and sustainable solutions for contemporary environmental and water-related challenges. Since 2022, IJHES issues 3 times a year (February, June, and October). Please click here for more scope and focus journal information. To Register an account as Author please contact ijhes.editor.foundae@gmail.com Citedness in Scopus by Journal title Citedness in Scopus by Journal Abbreviation
B-Li-Cl Trend Line Can Distinguish The Dominance of Hydrothermal Water and Surface Water: A Case Study of Geothermal in Tengchong, Southwestern China
The Boron-Lithium-Chlorine (B-Li-Cl) trend line serves as a valuable geochemical tool for distinguishing the dominance of hydrothermal water and surface water in geothermal environments. In this study, we applied the B-Li-Cl trend line to analyze the geochemical characteristics of water samples from the Tengchong geothermal area in Southwestern China. Our results reveal distinct patterns that differentiate hydrothermal water from surface water, offering insights into the geochemical processes and interactions occurring in this region. The lower Cl/Li and Cl/B ratio values of meteoric water with a Cl concentration of <10 (mg/L) indicate that mixing occurs not only when migrating upwards, but also inwards. The absence of a trend formed at a Cl concentration of <10 (mg/L) proves that the Cl concentration can be diluted by mixing with meteoric water. Meanwhile, the concentrations of Li > 100 (µg/L) and B > 1 (mg/L) form a downward trend from magmatic water, while the concentration of B < 1 (mg/L) has a downward trend from meteoric water. Both interpretations confirm that the behaviour of Lithium and Boron towards temperature changes has the same tendency, which can illustrate the origin of hydrothermal water formation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Foundae (Foundation of Advanced Education) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Building Trust for Sustainable Land Rehabilitation: Community Involvement and Management Post-Mining
Post-mining land use sustainability is critical for mitigating environmental degradation and ensuring long-term community benefits. This study identifies gaps in participation and highlights innovative strategies for addressing trust deficits in land management. Through advanced statistical methods such as Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), the research pinpoints the pivotal role of transparency and trust-building in driving community engagement. Additionally, the study explores the implications of global best practices in land rehabilitation and how these can be adapted to local contexts like Pongkor, Bogor Regency. By integrating insights from international case studies, this analysis underscores the need for tailored community outreach programs that align with cultural and socioeconomic dynamics. The findings contribute to broader discussions on sustainable practices and provide actionable recommendations for policymakers to enhance the effectiveness of post-mining rehabilitation efforts.
Fabrication and Characterization of Environmentally Friendly Bioplastic Film Based on Chitosan from Cassava Peel Starch
Bioplastics are renewable materials capable of natural degradation and can be synthesized using bio-organic compounds such as cellulose, chitosan, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and glycerol. Cassava peels, an agricultural byproduct, are a rich source of starch and cellulose, making them a promising raw material for bioplastic production. This study aims to fabricate and characterize chitosan-based bioplastic films using cassava peel starch, with a focus on optimizing their mechanical and biodegradation properties. Bioplastic films were prepared by combining cassava peel starch, chitosan, CMC, and glycerol, with chitosan concentrations varied at 45% and 75%. The films were evaluated for surface morphology using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), tensile strength, elongation at break, water absorption capacity, and biodegradability. SEM analysis revealed that chitosan concentration significantly influenced the film morphology, which in turn affected mechanical and swelling properties. The highest tensile strength (0.07 MPa) and elongation (22.5%) were observed in films with 75% chitosan. Water absorption peaked at 93.32% for the same formulation. Biodegradability tests showed complete degradation (100%) within 12 days for films with 45% chitosan. These findings demonstrate that cassava peel starch combined with chitosan can produce biodegradable films with tunable properties, offering a sustainable alternative for packaging and other applications.
Analysis of Subsurface Faults Using 3D Gravity Method Based On Satellite Image Data: Insights into Indo-Australian and Eurasian Plate Subduction in the Formation of An Accretionary Prism
This geophysical study employs the gravity method to analyze subsurface fault structures in the Simeulue Island region. The area lies within an active tectonic zone where the Indo-Australian Plate subducts beneath the Eurasian Plate, making it a critical site for understanding subduction dynamics and accretionary prism formation. Secondary gravity and topographic data were acquired from TOPEX satellite imagery. The primary objective is to identify gravity anomalies and delineate subsurface geological features such as faults, folds, and fractures based on variations in the Earth's gravitational field caused by density contrasts between rock units. The gravity method is particularly effective due to its sensitivity to such density differences. Qualitative interpretation was conducted using Surfer 16, while quantitative modeling utilized Oasis Montaj. Results reveal high Bouguer anomaly values in the southwest, corresponding to the plate convergence zone, and low anomaly values extending from the southeast to northwest, associated with the accretionary prism. The 2D model illustrates the subduction of oceanic crust with a density of 3.43 g/cm³ beneath continental crust with a density of 2.67 g/cm³. The 3D model further reveals that subduction becomes evident at a depth of approximately 16.11 km, with the crustal thickness in the accretionary prism zone reaching around 19.92 km. The 3D approach provides a more comprehensive spatial visualization of the subduction geometry and density distribution, offering insights that surpass conventional 2D analysis. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of regional geodynamics and may serve as a reference for seismotectonic studies and disaster mitigation efforts in the surrounding area.
Integrated Flood Risk and Embankment Stability Modeling in the Comoro River, Timor-Leste using HEC-RAS and GIS
Dili, the capital city of Timor-Leste, is increasingly vulnerable to flooding due to its geomorphological characteristics and rapid urban expansion. The Comoro River, the largest of several rivers traversing the city, has experienced multiple significant flood events in recent years most notably in March 2020, April 2021, and February 2022 resulting in severe damage to infrastructure and disruption to local communities. Urban development has led to watershed degradation, sediment accumulation, reduced channel capacity, and embankment overtopping, exacerbating flood risks in densely populated areas. This study aims to assess flood risk and evaluate embankment resilience using an integrated modeling approach. Design flood discharge was estimated using the Log Pearson Type III distribution and the Nakayasu synthetic unit hydrograph, with validation through Chi-Square and Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit tests. Hydraulic simulations were conducted using HEC-RAS 6.1.0 programme, while flood inundation mapping was performed with ArcGIS 10.3 to identify critical flood-prone zones and guide mitigation strategies. Results indicate a peak discharge of 192.141 m³/s for a 25-year return period flood. Mitigation measures proposed include embankment construction and river normalization at vulnerable cross-sections. HEC-RAS simulations demonstrate that these interventions significantly reduce flood inundation. The embankment slope stability factor was calculated at 7.55, indicating a high level of structural safety. The estimated cost for implementing these flood control measures is USD 571,366.87. This study provides a replicable framework for flood hazard modeling and infrastructure planning in urban river systems, contributing to climate-resilient development and evidence-based decision-making in Southeast Asian contexts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kris Minaryo, Hanie Teki Tjendani, Esti Wulandari, Rahmad Junaidi, Andiyan Andiyan, Shreeniwas Omanwar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Assessing Anthropogenic Pressure through Biomonitoring: Aquatic Biota as Indicators of Water Quality in an Urban Lake
Urban areas in Jakarta face significant pressure on clean water resources due to increasing population and anthropogenic activities. This research aims to conduct biomonitoring of the Situ Bambon Ciracas lake ecosystem, East Jakarta, by analyzing water quality and the community structure of macrozoobenthos, phytoplankton, and zooplankton as bioindicators. A descriptive quantitative method was used, involving measurements of water physical-chemical parameters (TDS, TSS, pH, BOD, COD, Total-P) and identification of aquatic biota. The results indicate that the water quality of Situ Bambon Ciracas lake is lightly to moderately polluted, dominated by organic compounds. BOD (5−34.67 mg/L) and COD (17.05−193.56 mg/L) values consistently exceeded the Class 3 water quality standards, and TDS showed an increasing trend. The biota community structure reflects these conditions: macrozoobenthos showed moderate diversity (H′=1.2, E=0.6). Phytoplankton (H′=3.12−3.2, E=0.74−0.76) and zooplankton (H′=2.11−2.16, E=0.76−1.95) showed high diversity and evenness, but were dominated by bioindicator species tolerant to organic pollution (e.g., Oscillatoria sp., Nitzschia sp., Colpoda sp., Closterium sp.). The positive correlation between the abundance of these bioindicator species and high BOD and COD confirms organic waste as the main driver of ecological change. In conclusion, the Situ Bambon Ciracas lake ecosystem is under significant anthropogenic pressure. The dominance of pollution-tolerant species, despite existing diversity, highlights the urgency of comprehensive management and restoration efforts to maintain the sustainability of this urban lake.
Hydrological Assessment and Irrigation Water Optimization Based on Cropping Patterns in the Way Bungur Irrigation Area, Indonesia
Efficient water management is essential for sustaining agricultural productivity, particularly in regions supported by technical irrigation systems such as the Way Bungur Irrigation Area in Pringsewu Regency, Indonesia. Although water availability in this region is generally adequate, its utilization remains inefficient due to cropping schedules that are not aligned with seasonal hydrological conditions, especially during the dry season. This study evaluates irrigation water requirements based on crop types and the official Cropping Pattern Plan (SK RTT), and compares them with water availability estimated using the F.J. Mock hydrological model. Input data include rainfall records, climatological parameters, river discharge, and field measurements. Crop water requirements were calculated using the FAO Penman–Monteith method, while water availability was assessed through dependable flow analysis. Results indicate that water availability in the Way Bungur watershed generally exceeds irrigation demand across three cropping seasons. However, temporal mismatches between planting schedules and water surplus or deficit periods lead to suboptimal water use. These findings highlight the importance of integrating annual water balance analysis into cropping pattern planning to enhance allocation efficiency, reduce risk, and promote sustainable agricultural development.
Water management in a circular economy and resilience context
Geochemical and Mineralogical Insights into Hydrothermal Alteration in the Beruang Kanan Non-Vulcanic Area, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
Previous studies have revealed significant hydrothermal alterations within the Beruang Kanan Non-Volcanic Area, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, resulting in extensive ore mineralizations. This study aims to examine the effects of hydrothermal processes on rock alteration, delineate alteration zones, and establish their relationship to metal mineralization. The research area, situated in the Tumbang Miri district of Gunung Mas regency, forms part of the Corrugated Hills Geomorphological Unit and is traversed by the Schwaner Mountains, with elevations ranging from approximately 50 to 400 meters. Stratigraphic analysis identifies three primary rock units, ordered from oldest to youngest: the Tuffaceous Sandstone Unit, the Dacitic Tuff Unit, and the Andesite Unit. Hydrothermal alterations have resulted in three distinct alteration zones sericitic, argillic, and propylitic characterized by secondary mineral assemblages. This study provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the geological and mineralization dynamics of non-volcanic hydrothermal systems in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
Thermal Comfort and Airflow in Air-Conditioned Systems: Insights from Computational Fluid Dynamic Simulations
Air conditioning (AC) systems are vital for ensuring thermal comfort in enclosed spaces, particularly in tropical regions like Indonesia, where high temperatures and humidity can challenge human productivity and well-being. This study investigates airflow distribution patterns in air-conditioned rooms using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, specifically employing the SST k-ω turbulence model. Simulations were conducted in a 3.5 × 3.55 × 3 m closed room with varied inlet temperatures (289.15–297.15 K) and airflow velocities (2–4 m/s). Results indicate that for every 2 K increase in inlet temperature, the average room temperature rises by approximately 1.37 K. Additionally, a 0.5 m/s increment in airflow velocity leads to an average temperature increase of 0.16 K. The airflow was observed to form a dominant jet stream from the AC inlet, flowing diagonally toward the lower part of the room, creating a low-altitude recirculation zone. This phenomenon influences thermal mixing and occupant comfort significantly. Validation of the CFD model revealed its robustness, with an average temperature deviation of 328.15 K and an Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) score of 0.858. Furthermore, the study suggests optimizing AC placement and operation parameters to enhance energy efficiency while maintaining comfort. These findings provide actionable insights into airflow behavior in tropical environments, promoting better design practices for cooling systems, which are crucial for sustainable development and improved living conditions in tropical climates.
Airflow Air Temperature Air Velocity Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD)
High-Resolution Resistivity Analysis of Andesite Rock Distribution in Kulon Progo’s Mineral-Rich Terrain
This study employs integrated geophysical methods to analyze the spatial distribution and subsurface geometry of andesitic rock formations in the Mujil Hill area, Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta. Electrical resistivity imaging (ERI), using a dipole-dipole configuration, was conducted to identify high-resistivity zones (>1000 Ωm), which are interpreted as fresh andesitic intrusions. These zones are consistently found at an average depth of 10 meters, embedded within moderately resistive volcanic breccia. Near-surface layers with low resistivity values (<100 Ωm) are associated with weathered volcanic deposits or unconsolidated soil. To enhance subsurface structural interpretation, resistivity data were complemented with gravity modeling, providing a more comprehensive geological assessment. The results confirm the lateral continuity and shallow emplacement of andesite bodies, highlighting their potential as a local source of construction material. This integrated geophysical approach supports sustainable mineral resource development and aligns with the objectives of the regional economic empowerment program, contributing to the responsible utilization of local geological resources.
Sustainable Bioethanol Production from Carica (Carica pubescens) Peel Waste: Optimization of Acid Hydrolysis and Fermentation Time
The global energy crisis and continued reliance on fossil fuels have intensified the search for sustainable alternative energy sources, particularly biomass-derived biofuels. One promising yet underutilized resource is the peel waste of Carica pubescens, a papaya variety indigenous to the Dieng Plateau. This study investigates the potential of Carica peel waste as a bioethanol feedstock through sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) hydrolysis and fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To optimize sugar yield, the concentration of H₂SO₄ was varied between 0.1 M and 0.8 M, while fermentation durations were set at 96, 120, 144, and 168 hours. Results indicated that hydrolysis with 0.8 M H₂SO₄ produced the highest sugar concentration (6.8%). The most effective fermentation period was 120 hours, yielding 64% bioethanol with a density of 0.8679 g/mL, a calorific value of 4,831 kcal/kg, a flame height of 14.6 cm, and a combustion temperature of 438°C. These findings demonstrate the viability of Carica peel waste as a valuable raw material for bioethanol production. Its high efficiency and favorable fuel properties highlight its potential for integration into local renewable energy initiatives, contributing to sustainable energy development. Further studies on large-scale implementation and process optimization are recommended to maximize its industrial application.
Characterization of Thermal Waters Origin from the Back Arc Lampung Province, Indonesia: An Evaluation of Stable Isotopes, Major Elements, and Li/Cl Ratios
This study reports chemical and isotope data from thermal water samples collected in the Natar area (back-arc Lampung province), Indonesia. Based on the geologic map, Lampung-Panjang Fault is the source of this thermal water appearance with Quaternary volcanic and metamorphic rock in the basement. It is located close to the Quaternary extinct volcano (Mount Betung) around 20 km to the southwest. Therefore, this study aims to provide information on geochemical characteristics and the origin of thermal waters in Natar's non-volcanic area. Variables such as stable isotopes, major, and Li/Cl ratios were analyzed. Furthermore, the thermal waters collected from a well in a different location have a moderate temperature ranging from 47°C to 54°C with 6.23 pH. Lithium and Chloride concentrations as well as Isotope δ18O and δD ranges from 0.02 mg/L to 0.04 mg/L, 5.19 mg/L to 46.12 mg/L, -5.26 ‰ to -2.65 ‰, and -5.26 ‰ to -2.65 ‰, respectively. The stable isotope showed that the thermal water samples have a shift value of Ã³18O similar to hydrothermal water. The result also has a positive correlation with the distribution of the Li/Cl ratio plotted close to the magmatic water. Consequently, the Natar hot springs may have formed due to the magmatic process of Mount Betung Quaternary with a lower temperature than an active volcano.
Copyright (c) 2023 Foundae (Foundation of Advanced Education) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Rainfall Analysis as a Hydrological Cycle in Mine Drainage: Implications for Mitigating Nickel Mining Damage in Pomalaa, Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia
Inadequate mining management can harm the surrounding environment, including runoff that transports materials from mining sites to bodies of water or the sea. To prevent environmental damage, it is essential to implement mitigation measures in the mining area, such as constructing settling ponds. The research aims to understand the hydrological cycle in the context of nickel mining and develop strategies to mitigate environmental damage caused by mining activities. By examining rainfall data and its effects on mine drainage, the study seeks to provide insights into effective water management practices that can minimize the negative impacts of nickel mining on the environment. The data used is the value of rainfall for 10 years (2008 – 2017). The analysis was carried out on rainfall, runoff water discharge, and the rain catchment area. The results showed that the hydrological risk was 95.76% for the 10-year return period, the average rainfall was 119.84 mm, the designed rainfall was 175.85 mm, and the rain intensity was 38.41 mm/hour. The total discharge of runoff water in the north mine is 13.39 m3/sec, the middle is 25.34 m3/sec and the south is 11.02 m3/sec. The settling pond is designed in three working areas, namely the northern (991.72 m2), central (1,877.33 m2), and southern mining (816.241 m2) areas.
Development of Comprehensive Risk Management Framework for Sustainable Solar Mini-Grid Project Implementation in Zambia
Solar mini-grids present a viable solution for electrifying off-grid rural and remote areas. However, their implementation and long-term sustainability encounter several challenges in most developing countries, including Zambia. This study aims to identify the risks associated with solar mini-grids in Zambia and to explore effective mitigation strategies. By adopting ISO 31000 for risk management, the research develops a comprehensive Risk Management Framework tailored to the needs of solar mini-grid projects. An inductive approach is used to investigate the key risks affecting the faster adoption and deployment of solar mini-grids in Zambia, allowing for an in-depth exploration and understanding of complex phenomena. Expert interviews serve as the primary data collection method, providing detailed insights from individuals experienced in solar mini-grid projects in Zambia. The data gathered through these interviews is analyzed using MAXDQA software, a tool for qualitative data analysis. The findings reveal a lack of a standardized and comprehensive risk management framework, with organizations relying on isolated tools such as risk registers and assessment matrices, leading to inefficiencies and sustainability challenges. Key risks identified include funding difficulties, licensing issues, technology acceptability issues, energy affordability, and system design failures leading to technical issues. The study proposes several mitigation strategies, including diversifying funding sources, streamlining regulatory processes, implementing training programs, engaging local communities, and ensuring high-quality procurement. It is recommended that a comprehensive, integrated risk management framework be established, incorporating continuous risk monitoring throughout the project lifecycle. Additionally, the research highlights the importance of capacity-building initiatives, stakeholder engagement, sustainable business models, and post-project monitoring to ensure the long-term success and resilience of solar mini-grids in Zambia.
A Comparative Study of Coal Quality: Insights from Actual and Proximate Analysis Models
Coal quality plays a pivotal role in determining its efficiency and environmental impact when used as a fuel source. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive comparison of coal quality by employing two analytical approaches: Actual Analysis and Proximate Analysis. Actual Analysis evaluates the fundamental characteristics of coal, including carbon content, hydrogen, sulfur, and trace elements. In contrast, Proximate Analysis focuses on determining moisture content (TM), ash (ASH), total sulphur (TS), and calorific velocity (CV). By integrating the insights gained from both models. The difference in coal quality is caused by the following factors, coal cleaning, coal getting, drainage making, and human error. Difference between actual coal quality parameters and model coal quality in January – March 2024; moisture content (TM) (0.2 - 1.59 % ar), ash (ASH) (0.76-5.01 % adb), total sulphur (TS) (0.1-0.6 % adb), calorific velocity (CV) ar (4-145 kcal/kg). In contrast, Proximate Analysis focuses on determining moisture content, volatile matter, ash, and fixed carbon. By integrating the insights gained from both models, this paper elucidates the strengths and limitations of each method, highlighting their relevance in industrial applications and environmental considerations. The findings provide a nuanced understanding of coal quality, paving the way for more informed decisions in its utilization and management. This study emphasizes the importance of selecting the appropriate analytical method to achieve optimal performance and sustainability in coal utilization.
Analysis of Reservoir Temperature Estimation using Major Elements in Sulili Geothermal Field, South Sulawesi, Indonesia: Implications for Geothermal Energy Forecasts
Geothermal is a natural resource energy in the form of hot water or steam that forms in reservoirs within the earth through the heating of subsurface water by hot igneous rocks. Based on field surveys, the Sulili area shows characteristics of geothermal energy in the form of hot springs. The research aims to use the Na-K geothermometer to find out the temperature of the geothermal reservoir below the ground and the Na-K-Mg geothermometer to look into the type of fluid that is in the geothermal reservoir. The research employs the geochemical analysis method in conjunction with the Na-K geothermometer method. Reservoir subsurface temperature is estimated at EPU station 1 at 326.504°C, EPU station 2 at 473.369°C, and station EPU 3 at 456.508°C. According to the results, the hot springs at the three sites are chlorides with temperatures below ground that are part of the high-temperature geothermal system and are >225°C. The hot spring is in the immature water group. Based on the calculation, the Sulili Geothermal Field with an average reservoir temperature of 418°C is approximately 68.33 MWh. This is a simplified calculation, and actual energy output can vary based on several factors, including the specific characteristics of the geothermal reservoir and the efficiency of the power plant.
Mapping Blue Economy Potential Using Spatial Statistical Downscaling Model: Analysis of the Impact of Climate Change on Freshwater Fish Resources
Blue Economy is a sustainable economic concept that focuses on utilizing economic resources in marine, coastal and land ecosystems. Sustainable use of freshwater resources in the blue economy for inland waters supports economic growth with environmental balance. The Statistical Downscaling method is used to understand the impact of climate change on freshwater fish resources. To carry out mapping of the potential of the blue economy, it is carried out by statistical downscaling modeling with satellite variables with Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation parameter estimates. The response variable is satellite variables in the form of average rainfall. The modeling results show that Kalipuro District has the highest blue economy potential, while Kalibaru has the lowest. From the research results, that satellite data on average rainfall is a strong basis for printing statistical downscaling, increasing efficiency with open source digital data sources. Satellite data integration, maximizing analysis and comprehensive blue economy potential efficiency.
integrated nested laplace approximation (inla)
Copyright (c) 2024 Foundae (Foundation of Advanced Education) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Internet of Things (IoT) and Arduino IDE as a Smart Water Quality Control for Monitoring in Catfish Ponds
This research aims to develop a monitoring and control system for catfish pond water quality based on the Internet of Things (IoT). This system uses an ESP32 microcontroller Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) connected to a SEN0131 pH sensor, DS18B20 temperature sensor, and HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor to monitor water quality parameters such as pH, temperature, and water level. Data obtained from these sensors is stored in a real-time database that can be accessed remotely via the Blynk application. This system is also equipped with a water pump and solenoid valve that automatically controls water filling and discharge based on detected water quality parameters. The test results show that the system has an average accuracy of 99.45% and high precision with an average relative standard deviation of 0.01% in detecting water quality parameters. System operation was carried out for 27 days. The system can run continuously or non-stop. data is input in real-time to blynk, so it can be monitored and controlled from anywhere.
arduino integrated development environment (ide)
Geoelectric Interpretation of Wenner-Schlumberger Configuration Using Res2Dinv Software: A Case Study of 2D Mapping of Seawater Intrusion in a Landslide Potential Area, North Halmahera District, Indonesia
Research has been carried out on landslides in Saluta-Pelita Village, North Galela District, North Halmahera Regency, Indonesia using the Wenner-Schlumberger method using a Geoelectric Resistivity tool - Naunira NRD 300 HF. This research aims to determine the structure of the subsurface layer in the potential landslide area of Saluta-Pelita Village. In addition, this research aims to determine the slip plane (boundary layer) of sea water intrusion in the research area. The measurement results are processed using Res2Dinv software for 2D resistivity which describes the subsurface layer shown in color. The measurement results on track 1 show a clay layer with a resistivity value of 3.1 ohm -27 ohm at a distance of 1-80 meters (blue and green), a silt layer of 44.3 ohm - 184.1 ohm at a depth of 1-20 meters (Yellow) which is a slip plane (boundary layer) of sea water intrusion with a path length of 40 meters, conglomerate 210 ohm (red) at a depth of more than 7.50 meters. In track 2 there is a layer of clay with a resistivity of 1.4 ohm - 39 ohm at a depth of 1-24 meters (blue and green), silt 43.1 m-185.6 m (yellow) is the slip plane (layer boundary) of sea water intrusion with a 95 meter long track, a conglomerate layer with a resistivity of 203.4 ohm - 407.8 ohm (red) at a depth of more than 12.8 meters. On track 3 there is a layer of clay with a resistivity of 0.186 ohm - 31.4 ohm (blue and green) at a depth of up to 24 meters with a length of more than 120 meters, silt with a resistivity value of 44.4 ohm - 189 ohm (yellow) which is a slip plane (boundary layer) sea water intrusion with a path of 65 meters at a depth of 2.50 meters-24.9 meters.
Identification of Groundwater Aquifers Using Geoelectric Methods with Schlumberger Configuration in Peatland Areas, West Kalimantan, Indonesia
The geoelectric-resistivity method with Schlumberger configuration is commonly used for groundwater exploration. This method helps identify changes in the resistivity of rock layers beneath the Earth's surface by flowing direct current (DC). In this research, geoelectric-resistivity was used to search for the existence of groundwater aquifers in water crisis areas with peat soil structures. In addition, this research aims to determine the depth of the aquifer layer based on resistivity values below the surface and to identify variations in resistivity values below the surface. The method used in this research was the Schlumberger configuration resistivity geoelectric method with 4 measurement points, each with a stretch length of 500 m . The research results show that the subsurface resistivity value in the Parit Haji Muksin II area is 2.69 Ohm m to 264 Ohm m. The unconfined aquifer at the research location was found at point 1 and point 2 at a depth of 3.94 m to 35.5 m, while the confined aquifer was found at points 3 and 4 at a depth of 13.6 m to 61.8 m. This study indicates the presence of potential groundwater resources in tropical peatlands, highlighting the necessity for further comprehensive research to ensure their sustainable utilization in the future.
A Review of Insights into Algae as a Sustainable Bio-based Photocatalyst for Environmental Remediation
Algae have recently emerged as a promising photocatalyst material due to their abundancy, low cost, and environmentally friendly nature. This review summarizes recent progress on utilizing algae as bio-based photocatalysts. Eutrophication and abundance of algae which make it an ideal candidate as a sustainable photocatalyst source, have been discussed. Recent work on synthesis methods such as hydrothermal treatment, calcination, and templating to produce photocatalytically active algae nanoparticles (NPs) has been reviewed. Photocatalytic activity of algae-based materials have been studied such as wastewater treatment, dye removal, and heavy metal remediation. Finally, strategies to further enhance algae's photocatalytic performance, including coating and doping with metals, coupling with graphene, and heterogeneous integration are highlighted here. To wrap up, this review underscores the exciting potential of algae as a sustainable and effective next-generation photocatalytic material.
Effectiveness of Induced Polarisation Method in Identifying the Presence of Minerals: 2-Dimensional Interpretation Modeling of Crossing Lines
This study evaluates the effectiveness of the Induced Polarization (IP) method in identifying mineral presence within the Pacitan region through a detailed case study utilizing 2-dimensional (2D) interpretation of crossing lines. The Pacitan region, with its diverse geological structures, offers an ideal test site for assessing the IP method's capabilities in mineral exploration. By conducting extensive IP surveys and integrating the data with geological and geophysical information, distinct anomalies indicative of mineralization were identified. The results demonstrate that the IP method is highly effective in detecting subsurface minerals, providing a reliable tool for exploration. The 2D interpretation of crossing lines significantly improved the accuracy of anomaly detection and offered detailed insights into the spatial distribution of mineral deposits. Based on the IP survey results, a large resistivity anomaly is located at a distance of 40 metres from the starting point of measurement with a depth of 2-20 metres and a diameter of about 40 metres. Meanwhile, the chargeability anomaly is at a distance of 30 metres from the starting point with a depth of 4-24 metres and a diameter of about 30 metres. When observed from each analysis of line 1 and 2, the cross results can identify resistivity and chargeability anomalies very accurately. This research highlights the potential of the IP method as a non-invasive, cost-effective approach for mineral exploration, particularly in geologically complex regions like Pacitan. The findings underscore the method's utility in enhancing mineral prospecting efforts and contributing to more efficient exploration strategies.
Clean-up Drive System as Watershed Conservation at Saran River, Laguna, Philippines : Implications for Perception of Residents
Barangay Malinta has a regular garbage waste collection schedule. Biodegradable wastes are collected on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays while non-biodegradable wastes are collected on Saturdays. The barangay is compliant to the RA 9001 (Solid Waste Management) however, they do not have a Material Recovery Facility (MRF). The absence of MRF is due to geographical location of the barangay which prohibits the establishment of the MRF facility due to its proximity to Laguna bay. The study aims to determine the perception of the respondents regarding the Clean-up Drive activities at the Saran River and to integrate it with the recommendations to aid in the improvement of the cleaning efforts for the said river, particularly at Barangay Malinta, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. Random sampling was used to identify residents to be included in the survey. The data were analyzed using percentage and mean. The results showed that the level of awareness among respondents residing Saran river is high. In terms of attitude, most of them strongly agreed that there will be a clean-up in the river and penalized those who will throw their waste in the river, most of the respondents are satisfied with the on-going river clean-up and optimistic that the river can still be cleaned and revived, and most of the respondents are willing to contribute amount and will be paid in the barangay as funding to river clean-up.
Geochemical Characteristics of B-Li-Cl Type Waters in Geothermal Area: Implications for the Origin of Tawau Hot Springs, Sabah, Malaysia
Boron (B), Lithium (L), and Chlorine (Cl) are valuable indicators in geothermal detection due to their unique properties and behavior in hydrothermal systems. Volcanic hot springs are generally believed to originate from meteoric circulation or buried seawater and are controlled by equilibrium exchange with magmatic rocks at high temperatures. In this study, we report the B-Li-Cl geochemical characteristics of Tawau hot springs, in the forearc region of Malaysia. The data has been collected from previous studies that analyzed 8 water samples to determine the levels of 10 dissolved elements or components. We performed data correlation analyses to infer the source materials and origins of the hot springs. In addition, we performed numerical modeling of oxygen and hydrogen isotope fractionation to examine the composition of derived fluids as possible candidates of geofluids. The results suggest that Tawau geothermal originated from deep seawater due to subduction before undergoing magmatisation and alteration processes. This interpretation result has a positive correlation with Li and boron. In addition, the geological conditions in the Sabah region, which has subduction zones from two directions, cause a high probability of seawater or marine sediment contribution into the reservoir before finally coming out in the form of a geothermal fluid phase.
Geothermal Waters from the Alpine Mountain Region, Europe: A Comprehensive Geochemical and Isotopic Analysis
The Alpine region of Europe, which covers several countries including France, Switzerland, Italy, Austria and Germany, is characterised by its complex geology and significant geothermal potential. This research investigates the geochemical characteristics of geothermal water in the Alpine region, focusing on understanding the origin, evolution, and potential applications of these geothermal resources. Through comprehensive hydrochemical and isotopic analyses, we have identified key geochemical signatures that distinguish the various geothermal systems in the region. The results show that these geothermal waters are mainly influenced by deep magmatic processes, extensive water-rock interactions, and mixing of meteoric and magmatic fluids. Elevated concentrations of elements such as sodium (Na), lithium (Li), and chloride (Cl), as well as different stable isotopes, provide insights into the thermal and geochemical environments of geothermal reservoirs. Based on isotopic analysis oxygen (δ¹⁸O) and hydrogen (δ²H), the most of the geothermal water in the Alpine mountain region of Europe is of meteoric origin (derived from meteoric waters). The isotopic composition can reveal the mixing between meteoric and magmatic water. Intermediate values between GMWL and magmatic water compositions indicate such mixing, helping to understand the fluid dynamics within geothermal systems. This research underlines the importance of integrating geochemical studies in the exploration and management of geothermal resources in tectonically active regions such as the Alps.
Alkalinity, Major and Trace Elements as Hydrological Tracers in Different Seasons: Implications for the Origin of Hot Springs in Non-Volcanic Areas, Odisha, India
During the rainy season, surface water can infiltrate and mix with groundwater, making it difficult to identify different groundwater sources. In addition, mixing of water from different sources over time can obscure the original characteristics of groundwater. In this study, we used geochemical analyses such as alkalinity, major elements, hydrological modelling and long-term monitoring before, during and after the rainy season to understand the changes in concentrations, and determine the origin of groundwater sources despite different seasonal conditions. The data from this study was taken from a previous study and examined 18 water samples with different locations and weather conditions. Determination of 9 elements including alkalinity and trace elements was conducted as the main elements in this study. In the experiment, water temperature, pH, alkalinity, and free CO content were measured in situ from non-volcanic hot water, Odisha, India. In the process, the water was put into two polypropylene bottles, and cation and anion analyses were conducted in the laboratory. The results showed that seasonal differences clearly affected the changes in alkalinity concentration of each hot spring. However, hot springs with higher alkalinity experienced larger changes. In contrast, the analysed chlorine (Cl) concentrations < 100 mg/L were more susceptible to shifts due to monsoon, whereas Cl concentrations > 100 mg/L were more homogeneous despite the influence of monsoon (seasonal differences). Differences in the rainy season affected the concentration changes in Attri, Tarabalo and Deulajhari hot springs. Meanwhile, hot springs dominated by meteoric water such as Badaberena, Taptapani and Boden are less affected. This proves that Attri, Tarabalo and Deulajhari hot springs originate and are dominated by deep groundwater.
Application of Major and Trace Elements for Detecting the Origin of Groundwater: Lithium Enrichment in Ain Al-Harrah Hot Spring Influenced by Red Sea, Saudi Arabia
Major and trace elements are valuable tracers for understanding the groundwater cycle. In groundwater flow path applications, these elements help delineate groundwater flow paths and identify areas of recharge and discharge. While in geothermal systems, the major and trace elements can indicate the contribution of deep hydrothermal fluids. In this study, we used major and trace elements as a groundwater tracer used to determine the origin of the Ain Al-Harrah hot spring in Saudi Arabia. Water sample data collection was taken from previous studies. In the data collection process, pre-washed 0.5 L polyethylene bottles were used to collect a total of five water samples from Ain Al-Harrah hot spring, Saudi Arabia. To prevent contamination, all samples were stored in a refrigerated room to maintain their chemical composition until the analysis process. The analytical results of the study showed that most of the hot water samples from Ain Al-Harrah hot spring, Saudi Arabia had been influenced by seawater which exceeded the limit value of x = 0.86 in the Na/Cl ratio. In addition, the value of y = 0.1 at the SO4/Cl ratio is the horizontal limit between the two. The interpretation of Cl against Cl/Li also confirms that the hot springs of Ain Al-Harrah, Saudi Arabia have been largely mixed with surface water. In addition, it is likely that the origin of the hot springs of Ain Al-Harrah, Saudi Arabia is also from seawater intrusion from red sea that has undergone mixing by meteoric water.
3D Modeling of of Distribution Andesite and Breccia Rocks Using Geoelectric Resistivity in Potential Areas of Minerals in Madiun Regency, Indonesia
This research focuses on the distribution of andesite and breccia rocks in East Java, Indonesia, specifically in Morang Village, Madiun Regency, through geoelectric resistivity measurements. This study aims to enhance geoelectric interpretation from 2D to 3D, providing high accuracy in target positioning for potential building material resources. By employing a dipole-dipole configuration with electrode spacing, the resistivity values of subsurface rocks were analyzed to classify the types and distributions of building materials, such as andesite and breccia. Data was collected through field measurements and geological surveys, followed by inverse modeling using the least squares method. The results reveal that andesite, with resistivity values above 1000 Ωm, is distributed predominantly in the southeast-northwest trend at a depth of 10–15 meters, while breccia, with resistivity values between 600–900 Ωm, is found at various depths closer to the surface. The geological interpretation suggests that the southeast-northwest orientation may correlate with an ancient basin structure, which directed lava flow during past volcanic activities, forming these rock layers. This study contributes valuable information for local infrastructure planning by providing data on accessible rock resources essential for construction. The application of the 3D geoelectric model offers an effective tool for environmental assessment and mineral exploration, promoting sustainable resource management.
Analysis of Environmental Conditions in the Andesite Mining Area of Kokap District, Kulon Progo Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Implications for Environmental Damage Prevention Monitoring
In this study, an analysis of environmental conditions in andesite mining areas was conducted as a form of monitoring in the prevention of environmental conditions. The methods used in this research are survey, mapping, and analysis methods using scoring that refers to the Decree of Gub. DIY Prop. No. 63 Year 2003. Field observations were conducted to find out information on environmental conditions and determine the areas to be mapped. While mapping is carried out using GPS (Global Position System) tools with medium accuracy of 3-5 meters that are stable. Based on the measurement results seen from the image map, it shows that it has a distance of less than 359.62 meters. The relief of the excavation base with a height tolerance of less than 1 meter, the slope of the excavation cliff with a tolerance reaching an angle of less than 18 degrees, the height of the excavation cliff with a height tolerance of less than 3 meters. The results of data processing and analysis of environmental damage that occurs in andesite stone mining show that the physical environment at the mining site is at a severe level of damage with a total score of 42. The physical environment at the river location is at a moderate level of damage with a total score of 8.
Assessment of Hydrochemical Characteristics and Water Quality as Monitoring of Environmental Conditions in Shallow Groundwater and Kinokawa River, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan
Shallow groundwater and river water problems in each country are caused by various factors such as natural factors such as natural disasters, human activity factors such as waste pollution, and others. In this study, we analysed the hydrochemical characteristics of river water to determine the water quality of shallow groundwater and Kinokawa river in Wakayama region of Japan. Shallow groundwater and river water samples were taken along the Kinokawa river at a total of 86 points. The water samples were analysed using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). In this case, we investigated physicochemical parameters such as total dissolved solids which mainly depend on the concentration of major ions such as Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, Li, HCO3, NO3 and SO4 which are used to characterise river water quality. The results of this study show that the calculated values of SAR, PI, Na%, MH and RSC indicate good groundwater use for irrigation purposes. Comparison of geochemical data showed that more than 75% SAR, 94% PI, 80% %Na, and 97% MH indicated a good environmental condition category and the river water can be used for irrigation purposes. The water quality information presented in this paper will be useful for sustainable management of water resources in the study area.
inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry